PROLOGUE

1. All dates prior to 1918 are expressed herein according
to the "old style" Julian calendar then in use in Imperial
Russia. They are thus thirteen days behind the Gregorian
calendar of western Europe.

2. Rabochii, No. 4 (25 May 1914), p. 1. This article
("Konets klevete") as well as Lenin's telegram in the

same issue does not appear in his Polnoe sobranie sochinenii.

3. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 58 (18/31 January 1917), p. 2.

4.       Almost   every   issue   of the Bolsheviks' Put' pravdy,
Rabochii and Trudovaia pravda as well as the Mensheviks'
Nasha rabochaia gazeta between 10 May and 28 June
1914 ran   a   special column   on "The Departure of
Malinovsky"    or    "The    Malinovsky    Affair"    which
carried factual explanations and factional accusations
backed up by worker resolutions.

5.       See, for instance, Den',   16   June   1917; Rabochaia
gazeta, 21 May-22 June 1917; Rech, 16 and 17 June
1917;   Russkie   vedomosti,   17   June   1917; Russkoe
slovo,   25 March and! June 1917; Utro Rossii,   18,
21   and 23 June 1917; Vestnik vremennago pravitel-
'stva, 16 June 1917.

6.       V. L. Burtsev, "Eshche o dele Malinovskogo," undated
(probably   summer   1914)   and   unsigned   manuscript
in the Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132, box 4, no. 27;
"Vopros, trebuiushchii otveta," Birzhevye vedomosti,
5 December 1916; "Otvet chlenu G. Dumy Muranovu,"
Birzhevye vedomosti,   18 December 1916; "Otvet na
postavlennyi vopros," Russkoe slovo, 25 March 1917;

FOOTNOTES for pages 11-13

"Lenin i Malinovskii," La Cause Commune, 1 January 1919; "Lenine and Malinovsky," Struggling Russia, I, Nos. 9/10 (17 May 1919), 13840; Bor'ba za svobodnuiu Rossiiu: Moi vospominaniia (1882-1922 gg), Vol. I (Berlin, 1923); "Provokatory sredi Bol'-shevikov," Byloe (Paris), No. 1 (1926), pp. 67-69; "Provokatory sredi Bol'shevikov," Byloe (Paris, "New Series"), Vol. I, Kn. 46 (1933). See also his testimony before the Provisional Government's Extraordinary Investigatory Commission in Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: stenograficheskie otchety doprosov i pokazanii, dannykh v 1917 g. v Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel'stva, 7 vols. (Moscow, 1924-27), I, 313-17 (hereinafter cited as PTsR). These accounts grow increasingly hostile toward both Malinovsky and Lenin as time and politics changed Burtsev's perceptions.

7. B. D. Wolfe, "Lenin and the Agent Provocateur
Malinovsky," Russian Review, No. 5 (Autumn 1945),
pp. 49-69. This account has been republished by Mr.
Wolfe with minor alterations in Three Who Made a
Revolution: A Biographical History (New York, 1948),
pp. 535-57; "Der Meisterspitzel: Der abenteurliche Fall
des Roman Malinowski," Der Monat, Heft 67 (April
1954), pp. 19-32; Strange Communists I Have Known
(New York, 1965), pp. 165-95.

8. G. Aronson, Rossiia nakanune revoliutsii: istoricheskie
etiudy (New York, 1962), pp. 24-62.

9. David Anin, "Lenin and Malinovsky," Survey, XXI,
No. 4 (Autumn 1975), 145-56.

10. Stefan Possony, "Spitzel oder Revolutionar? Das
Geheimnis um Roman Malinowski," Der Monat, Heft
71 (August 1954), pp. 493-96; Lenin: The Compulsive
Revolutionary (Chicago, 1964), pp. 139-50.

11. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 58 (18/31 January 1917), p. 2;
Trudovaia pravda, No. 15 (14 June 1914), p. 2.

12. At the time of Malinovsky's final trial in 1918, Lenin
wrote B. S. Weissbrot in Vienna asking him "to try to
save my library in Poronin: I left it there at the dacha
with my other things in 1914.1 had to pay an additional

ROMAN MALINOVSKY: A LIFE WITHOUT A CAUSE

50 kronen; now I would give 100,000,000 to have it rescued. But this [words missing] is a personal matter." V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 55 vols. (Moscow, 1958-65), L, 204 (hereinafter cited as PSS). For subsequent and only partially successful attempts by Soviet authorities to regain Lenin's Galician papers, see M. V. Steshova, "Krakovsko-poroninskii arkhiv V. I. Lenina," Voprosy istorii KPSS, No. 3 (1957), pp. 173-78; "O rozyske dokumentov V. I. Lenina," Istoricheskii arkhiv, No. 2 (1955), pp. 182-83.

13. Dispatch 1313, 7/20 August 1914, in the Okhrana
Archives (file XVIIj, folder 1) at the Hoover Institution.

14. The Soviet government subsequently published seven
volumes of testimony given before the Commission
under the title Padenie tsarskogo rezhima. Lenin's and
Zinoviev's remarks of 26 May, which are not included,
can be found in abbreviated form in the contemporary
press (e. g., Den', No. 86, 16 June 1917, p. 3; Rech,
No. 139, 16 June 1917, p. 4; No. 140, 17 June 1917,
p. 5). See also Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 511-12; B. I.
Nikolaevskii, "K delu Malinovskago," Rabochaia gazeta,
No. 85 (20 June 1917), p. 2.

15. "Delo predatelia Malinovskogo," Vechernie Izvestiia
Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 91,5 November 1918 (type
script of the article in the Nicolaevsky Collection, file
132, box 4 no. 27); "Sudebnyi otdel," Pravda, No. 237
(1 November 1918), p. 4; N. V. Krylenko, "Delo
provokatora Malinovskogo," Za piat' let, 1918-1922 gg.
(Moscow, 1923), pp. 330-49.

16. Rabochii po metallu, Nos. 1-24 (30 August 1906 -
14 November 1907); Kuznets, Nos. 3/4-8(20 December
1907-3 March 1908); Vestnik rabochikh po obrabotke
metalla, Nos. 1-3 (15 May 1908-3 July \908);Nadezhda,
Nos. 1-3 (31 July 1908-31 October 1908); Edinstvo,
Nos 1-17 (10 February 1909-29 April 1910); Metallist,
Nos. 1-45 (26 September 1911-12 June 1914).

17. Put' pravdy, Nos. 82-92 (10-21 May 1914); Rabochii,
Nos. 2-6 (22-29 May 1914); Trudovaia pravda, Nos.
1-27 (23, .30 May-28 June 1914); Nasha rabochaia

FOOTNOTES for pages 13-14

gazeta, Nos. 6-31 (9 May-10 June 1914); Bor'ba, Nos. 1-7/8 (22 February-6 July 1914); Edinstvo, Nos. 1-4 (18 May-29 June 1914); Nasha zaria, Nos. 1-5 (January-June 1914); Sotsial-demokrat, Nos 33-58 (19 October/1 November 1914-18/31 January 1917).

18. Since Malinovsky was answerable to the Moscow or St.
Petersburg Okhrana offices, it is not surprising that
only a modest amount of material concerning him is
found in the archives of the Paris branch. This includes
copies of four intercepted letters either by, to or about
Malinovsky and seven police reports about his activities
outside Imperial Russia. Okhrana Archives, files XIc
(3), XVIb (2), XVIIj, and XVIIk.

19. The Nicolaevsky Collection (file 132, box 4, no. 27)
contains 28 pages of newspaper clippings concerning
Malinovsky as well as copies of several telegrams from
Lenin and two brief manuscripts.

20. Istoriia kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza,
6 vols., (Moscow, 1964-70), II, 372.

21.    See letters from Lenin to Inessa Armand, Kamenev,
Zinoviev and the editorial board of Pravda, many of
which were published for the first time in the 1960's,
in PSS, volumes XLVIII and XLIX. While Lenin may
now be shown to have had extremely close relations
with women other than his wife and with men who were
later found to be "enemies of the people," this same
objectivity is impossible with respect to police agents.
Outside of a letter to Stalin and Malinovsky jointly,
another which is said to be for Stalin but which in fact
was to Malinovsky, and a third from Krupskaya to
Malinovsky (Iz epokhi 'Zvezdy' i 'Pravdy', 1911-1914 gg.,
3 vols., Moscow,   1921-24, III,   199-201, 217; PSS,
XLVIII, 126-27), none of Lenin's correspondence with
Malinovsky    has   been   republished   despite   internal
evidence that such correspondence existed. As will be
seen in subsequent notes, the same is true of at least
five telegrams and three articles which Lenin wrote
in   Malinovsky's   defense   between   May    1914   and
January 1917.

ROMAN MALINOVSKY: A LIFE WITHOUT A CAUSE

22.   See B. K. Erenfel'd, "Delo Malinovskogo (Iz istorii
politicheskikh   provokatsii   tsarskoi   tainoi   politsii),"
Voprosy   istorii, No. 7 (1965), pp.   106-16; Arkadii

Vaksberg, "Dva suda," Znanie-sila, No. 5 (1964), pp. 48-51; N. V. Krylenko, Sudebnye rechi: Izbrannoe (Moscow, 1964), pp. 22-38. Encyclopedic entries on Malinovsky will be found for the first time in the third edition of the Bol'shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, XV (Moscow, 1974), 286, and the Sovetskaia istoricheskaia entsiklopediia, VIII (Moscow, 1965), 976. Erenfel'd acknowledges, however, that "not all the available documentation pertaining to [the Malinovsky] affair has been published" in the Soviet Union.

23. Gerard Walter, Lenine (Paris, 1950)., p. 214.

CHAPTER I

1. Lenin's wife, N. K. Krupskaya, sensed this. She recounted
(Reminiscences of Lenin, Moscow, 1959, p. 260) that
Malinovsky "told us a good deal about himself. . . .
His stories sounded queer. No doubt there was a particle
of truth in them. In talking about his past experiences,
he held some things back, omitted important points
and gave things a wrong twist. . . . Malinovsky's stories
were a mixture of truth and lies, and it was this that
made them so plausible" and, one might add, so difficult
for the historian to unravel.

2.       See, for example, P. N. Kolokolnikov, "Otryvki iz
vospominanii," in Materialy po istorii professional 'nogo
dvizheniia   v   SSSR,   5   vols.   (Moscow,   1924-27), V,
147;    A.    K.    Tsvetkov-Prosveshchenskii,       Mezhdu
revoliutsiiami, 1906-1916 (Moscow, 1932), p. 125.

3. Krupskaya, p. 260.

4. F. A. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare profdvizheniia: Istoriia
Peterb. soiuza metallistov, 1906-1914 (Moscow, 1924),
p. 199.

5. Pravda, No. 159 (3 November 1912), p. 1. See also
Possony, Lenin,- p. 131; M. A. Tsiavlovskii (ed.).

FOOTNOTES for pages 14-18

Bol'sheviki: dokumenty po istorii bol'shevizma s 1903 po 1916 god byvsh. Moskovskago okhrannago otdeleniia (Moscow, 1918), p. 214.

6.        Brief biographic details can be found in Gosudarstvennaia
duma:     Ukazatel'    k    stenograficheskim    otchetam,
Chetvertyi sozyv, sess. 1, ch. I-III (St. Petersburg, 1914),
p.   139;   PTsR,   VII,   374;   Sovetskaia   istoricheskaia
entsiklopediia, VIII,'976.

7. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 338.

8. The precise sum varies between 13 rubles, as cited by
his prosecutor in 1918 (ibid., pp. 338-39), and 23
rubles as reported by his interrogator (Pravda, No. 237,
1 November 1918, p. 4).

9. Krylenko, Za piat'let, p. 321 ;PTsR, III, 285.

10. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 511.

11. S. Sumsky, "Troianovskii," p. 4 of a manuscript in the
Nicolaevsky Collection, file 132, box 4,no. 27. Sumsky's
account, which was published during 1934 in Posledniia
novosti, is inaccurate in other details and unconfirmed
by Soviet historians.

12. PTsR, V, 214; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 511. Some accounts
maintain that he entered the Semenovsky rather than
the Izmailovsky Regiment.

13. Tsiavlovskii, p. 214; PTsR, III, 495; Krupskaya, p. 260.

14. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, p. 199.

15. A. Badayev, The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma (New
York,n.d.), p. 156.

16. Edinstvo, No. 10 (22 October 1909), p. 11.

17. Rabochii po metallu, Nos. 10/11 (15 March 1907),
p. 5.

18. Edinstvo, No. 10 (22 October 1909), p. 11.

19. Metallist, No. 23 (10 November 1912), p. 11. See also
a similar assessment in the Mensheviks' Luch, No. 37
(28 October 1912), p. 2.

20. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, p. 200.

21. Kolokolnikov, p. 142; F. Bulkin-Semenov, V bor'be

ROMAN MALINOVSKY: A LIFE WITHOUT A CAUSE

za soiuz metallistov (Leningrad, 1926), p. 39. It is interesting to note that the apartment of Malinovsky's sister, which was in the same building as the editorial offices of the Vestnik, served as one of the union's principal libraries.

22.    I have found two articles signed by "M" in Kuznets
(Nos. 3/4, 20 December   1907, pp. 4-6; No. 7,   14
February   1908, pp.   1-3)   and   two by   "R.M." in
Edinstvo (No. 7, 10 July 1909, pp. 6-7; No. 8, 10
August 1909, pp. 9-10). Both of these are successor
journals to Rabochii po metallu.

23. Kolokolnikov, p. 147.

24. Den', No. 86 (16 June 1917), p. 3;PTsR, III, 484.

25. Pravda, No. 159 (3 November 1912), p. 1; Rabochii,
No. 2 (22 May 1914), p. 2.

26. These reports are reproduced in Edinstvo, No. 4 (23
April 1909), pp. 7-9; No. 6(15 June 1909), pp. 5-7.

27. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, p. 199.

28. Edinstvo, No. 13 (23 January 1910), p. 10.

29. Ibid., No. 10 (22 October 1909), p. 10.

30. For a history of the union during these years, see
Bulkin-Semenov, V bor'be, pp. 17-65.

31. Metallist, No. 23 (10 November 1912), p. 11.

32. Edinstvo, No. 9 (18 September 1909), pp. 3-4.

33. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, p. 200.

34. Kolokolnikov, p. 147; Bulkin-Semenov, V bor'be, p. 33.

35. Edinstvo, No. 10 (22 October 1909), p. 11.

36. Ibid., No. 13 (23 January 1910), pp. 1-2, 13.

37. Ibid., No. 14 (16 February 1910), p. 14.

38. Luch, No. 37 (28 October 1912), p. 2.

39.    Of the fifty trade unions active in Moscow in 1905,
only three remained in   1911. Tsiavlovskii, p. 78; I.
Borshchenko,   The   Russian   Trade   Unions in   1907-
1917 (Moscow, 1959), p. 10.

40. Rabochii, No. 2 (22 May 1914), p. 2.

FOOTNOTES for pages 18-22

41. Russkie vedomosti, No. 136 (17 June 1917), p. 2;
Den', No. 86 (16 June 1917), p. 3.

42. David Shub, Lenin: A Biography (rev. ed.; London,
1966), p. 140.

43. Pravda, No. 159 (3 November 1912), p. 1; see also
Tsiavlovskii, p. x.

44. I have found no verification that he played a minor
role in the Moscow insurrection of December 1905
as Robert Payne asserts in his The Life and Death of
Lenin (New York, 1964), p. 241.

45. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 33 (19 October/1 November
1914), p. 2.

46. Den', No. 86 (16 June 1917), p. 3; Krylenko, Za piat'
let, p. 340. Most Western historians have agreed with
this assessment. See, for example, Wolfe, Three Who
Made a Revolution, p. 539.

47. Luch, No. 37 (28 October 1912), p. 2.

48. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, pp. 199, 201. See also
Kolokolnikov, p. 147; Metallist, No. 23 (10 November
1912), p. 11

49.     Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 339. See also Pravda, No. 237
(1 November 1918), p. 4. A fellow worker at the
Langenzipen   Factory   recalled   that   there   was   no
Bolshevik   circle   there during most   of Malinovsky's
tenure and that when one was organized in 1909 he was
not a member. V. Larionov, "Iz vospominanii rabochego,
1905-1917 gg.," Krasnaia letopis, No. 2 (1924), p. 125.

50. Luch, No. 37 (28 October 1912), p. 2.

51. A. E. Badaev, "Bol'shevistskaia fraktsiia 4-i
Gosudarstvennoi dumy i revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v
Peterburge," Krasnaia letopis, No. 3 (1929), pp. 231-32;
Vechemie Izvestiia Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 91 (5
November 1918).

52. C. Bobrovskaya, Provocateurs I Have Known (London,

n.d.), pp. 26-27'.

53. Institut Marksizma-Leninizma pri TsK KPSS,
Kommunisticheskaia partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza v

ROMAN MALINOVSKY: A LIFE WITHOUT A CAUSE

rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s"ezdov, konferentsii i plenumov TsK, 10 vols. (8th ed.; Moscow, 1970-72), I, 293-94. Hereinafter cited as KPSS v rez.

54. Sotsial-demokrat, No. 2 (28 January 1909), p. 9.

55. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 331; Leon Trotsky, Stalin:
An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence (New York,
1941), p. 123.

56. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 331.

57. Testimony before the Investigatory Commission in
Den', No. 86(16 June 1917), p. 3.

58. C. Bobrovskaya, Twenty Years in Underground
Russia (New York, 1934), p. 218.

59. Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 331; Tsiavlovskii, pp. x, 214;
Aronson, pp. 34-35; Pravda, .No. 237 (1 November
1918), p. 4.

60. Cited in Aronson, p. 34.

61. Vechernie Izvestiia Moskovskogo Soveta, No. 91 (5
November 1918); Krylenko, Za piat'let, p. 331.

62.    Den', No. 86 (16 June 1917), p. 3. The most damning
piece of evidence presented was a marginal note written
by   the   Vice-Director   of the Department of Police,
Vissarionov,   on report   202 of 1912 wherein agent
"Portnoi" is identified as " 'Ernest' the secretary of
the Petersburg Metalworkers Union from 1900 [sic?]
to 1910; from 1907 to 1910 spoke voluntarily with
lieutenant   of Okhrana   section by phone."   Vestnik
vremennago pravitel'stva, No. 81(16 June 1917), p. 2.

63 Krylenko, Za piat' let, p. 331.

64. Ibid.; see, for example, Walter, p. 215; Wolfe, Three
Who Made a Revolution, p. 539; Aronson, p. 33.

65. See, for example, Beletsky's and Vissarionov's testimony
in PTsR, III, 287, 460. The Commission recognized
that it was difficult to establish when Malinovsky began
supplying information to the police. The problem was
complicated by the destruction of part of the Okhrana
records during the February Revolution and by the use
of different pseudonyms both by the police and by the

FOOTNOTES for pages 22-28

informers. Vissarionov neither mentioned nor was asked about the marginalia reproduced in footnote 62 above.

66. Bulkin-Semenov, Na zare, p. 199; Bulkin-Semenov,
V bor'be, p. 33;Kolokolnikov, p. 147.

67. Erenfel'd, Voprosy istorii, No. 7 (1965), p. 108.