Has cognitive processes that are literal and concrete.

Be aware of explanations that the child may interpret literally.

Allow child to handle safe equipment such as stethoscopes.

Use simple drawings to demonstrate anatomy.

Lacks ability to generalize.

Comparisons to other children, or between one test and another are not helpful or meaningful.

Has egocentrism predominating.

Belief that the child caused events to happen may result in guilty thoughts. Reassure child that he is not to blame for his pain or other problems.

Has animistic thinking - thinks that all objects possess life or human characteristics of their own.

Name equipment that may be frightening after recognizable figures such as Mr. Spock (smart and clever) or Princess Ariel (brave and kind)