SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS IN LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

Robert M. Krauss




Communication is assumed to rest on a foundation of shared understandings that are integral to both speaking and listening. However, the mechanisms by which these shared understandings are achieved, and by which participants determine their partners' understanding. are poorly understood. In previous work we have shown that speakers attempt incorporate others' perspectives in the messages they formulate (Fussell & Krauss, 1989a; Fussell & Krauss, 1989b; Krauss, Weinheimer, & Vivehananthan, 1968) , but that there are constraints on the ability to accurately assess these perspectives (Fussell & Krauss, 1991; Krauss & Fussell, 1991) . We are currently exploring some of the strategies communicators employ to fashion efficient and effective messages (Fussell & Krauss, 1992; Krauss, Fussell, & Chen, in press; Krauss & Weinheimer, 1966) .


Fussell, S., & Krauss, R. M. (1989a). The effects of intended audience on message production and comprehension: Reference in a common ground framework. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 203-219.

Fussell, S. R. & Krauss, R. M. (1989b) Understanding friends and strangers: The effects of audience design on message comprehension. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19(6), 509-526.

Fussell, S. R., & Krauss, R. M. (1991). Accuracy and bias in estimates of others' knowledge. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 445-454.

Fussell, S.R. & Krauss, R.M. (1992) Coordination of knowledge in communication: Effects of speakers' assumptions about others' knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 378-391.

Krauss, R. M., & Fussell, S. R. (1991). Perspective-taking in communication: Representations of others' knowledge in reference. Social Cognition, 9, 2-24.

Krauss, R. M., Fussell, S. R., & Chen, Y. (1995) Coordination of perspective in dialogue: Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. In I. Markova, C. G. Graumann & K. Foppa (Ed.), The dynamics of dialogue (pp. 124-145). Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge University Press.

Krauss, R. M., & Weinheimer, S. (1966). Concurrent feedback, confirmation and the encoding of referents in verbal communication.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 343-346.

Krauss, R. M., Weinheimer, S., & Vivehananthan, P. S. (1968). "Inner speech" and "external speech": Characteristics and communication effectiveness of socially and nonsocially encoded messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 295-300.