Notes on Columbia Commencements



   THE FIRST COMMENCEMENT of King's College, as Columbia University was 
first called, was held on June 21,1758, in St. George's Chapel on 
Beekman Street. Seven men were graduated with the degree of Bachelor of 
Arts, and four honorary degrees were conferred. The exercises were conducted 
almost entirely in Latin during the King's College period, and for yet 
another century classical orations formed a regular part of the program. 
These orations, usually in English, are now presented at the Columbia 
College Clas s Day.  

   During the pre-Revolutionary period, the Commencement procession passed 
through the city streets from the College building on Park Place to 
Trinity Church or one of its chapels. When King's College became 
Columbia, in 1784, Commencement was held in various churches and halls. 
After the College moved to Forty-ninth Street and Madison Avenue in 
1857, Commencement usually took place at the Academy of Music at 
Fourteenth Street and Irving Place. Since 1898 Commencement has been 
held on the Campus at Morningside--at first in the University gymnasium, 
and since 1926 out of doors on Low Plaza. 
 
   THE ACADEMIC COSTUME worn now was originated in the Middle Ages when a 
warm gown and hood were useful for scholar and cleric in unheated 
buildings. The distinctive gown served to set the student apart from his 
fellow citizens, hence the perennial controversy between "Town and Gown." 
Until after the American Civil War, Columbia students wore caps and gowns 
daily while in residence. 

   In 1894, an American Intercollegiate Commission met at Columbia for the 
purpose of standardizing the style and color for robes and hoods. At 
that time it was decided that all robes would be black; bachelors' gowns 
to be made of worsted stuff with pointed sleeves; masters' gowns of silk 
with long closed sleeves; doctors' gowns faced with black velvet with 
three bars across the sleeves. Hoods were made of the same materials as 
the gowns, the length varying with the degree. Only the lining of the 
hood indicated the universityÑfor Columbia, light blue with a white 
chevron. The border color indicated the academic discipline in which the 
degree was earned. 
 
   Universities in America have often begun to adopt more colorful robes. 
The Columbia gown is slate gray. The doctoral gown, with facing of black 
velvet, has sleeve bars in the color of the wearer's subject. A Columbia 
crown is embroidered at chest height. The mortarboard is now a 
four-cornered tam in soft material with gold tassel. The masters' and 
bachelors' gowns are similar but without the velvet trimming. The 
interior of the hood displays the University colors as in the past, and 
the facing and backing of the hood are in the standard degree colors: 
  
	White:         arts and letters
	Scarlet:       theology
	Purple:        law
	Green:         medicine
	Dark blue:     philosophy
	Golden yellow: science
	Brown:         architecture and the fine arts
	Pink:          music
	Lilac:         dentistry
	Orange:        engineering
	Olive:         pharmacy
	Light brown:   business
	Lemon yellow:  library service
	Light blue:    education
	Peacock blue:  international and public affairs
	Citron yellow: social work
	Cardinal:      journalism
	Salmon pink:   public health
	Apricot:       nursing

   Other American universities are also represented by their hoods: Brown, 
seal brown with a cardinal chevron; the University of California, gold 
with a blue chevron; the University of Chicago, maroon; Cornell, 
cardinal with two white chevrons; Dart-mouth, dark green; Harvard, crimson; 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, bright red with a gray chevron; 
the University of Pennsylvania, cardinal with a navy blue chevron; 
Princeton, orange with a black chevron; Yale, dark blue.
 
   Bachelors' gowns and hoods in British universities are generally black, 
and the hoods are edged with white fur; masters' hoods are lined with 
the color of the discipline; doctors' hoods are scarlet, lined with the 
appropriate color.

   In France the five major universities wear the same robe for each 
degree. The hood is a cape trimmed with a white furÑone row of fur for 
bachelors, two for masters, three for doctors. The color of the robes 
themselves are orange for Letters, purple for Science, red for Law, 
and crimson for Medicine.

   Many other European universities wear the standard black gown, although 
the caps may vary considerably. The hood color of the University of 
Berlin is purple, of Heidelberg red, of Zurich blue with a white cross, 
and of Prague red and white. 

   THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MACE carried in the Columbia ceremonies was given 
to the University by the late Judge John Munro Woolsey, LL.B '01, 
LL.-D.'29. It is of Sheffield plate, topped with a king's crown over a 
design of acanthus leaves. The mace was the symbol of authority in British 
courts.

   Degrees are conferred by the deans of the schools whose founding dates 
determine the order of priority, undergraduate schools the oldest first, 
graduate and professional schools the most recent first.  

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Source:  Columbia University COMMENCEMENT Program, 
         May 17, 1995
         241st Academic Year

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