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Education:
Official Language: |
Turkish |
Alphabet: |
Latin Alphabet, since 1928 |
Academic Year: |
September through May/June |
Duration of Schooling: |
5 + 3 + 3 |
Compulsory Schooling: |
8 years (ages 6-14) |
The Principles of the Turkish National Education:
According to the Constitution governing the Republic no one shall
be deprived of the right of learning education. Further-more,
primary education is compulsory and free in state schools. Except
in specially licensed institutions Turkish must be taught as the
mother tongue and religions instruction is a compulsory subject
in the primary and secondary school curriculum.
The Following are the constitutional principles underlining the
Turkish Educational system:
- Universality and equality,
- Fulfillment of individual and social needs,
- Freedom of choice
- Right to education
- Quality of opportunity
- Education for all throughout life
- Adherence to Ataturk's reform principles including secularis
- Building of democracy
- Scientific approach
- Co-education
- School parent cooperation.
Goals of Turkish National Education:
- To achieve 100 percent participation rate in elementary education
(95 percent in 1986).
- To raise the rate of literacy of the society which has already
reached 85 %.
- To emphasize technical and vocational education.
- To extend comprehensive schools where multi-purpose programs are
to be offered to 60 % of the children in secondary schools by
the 1995-96 school year.
- To take the necessary measures to raise the quality of national
education.
- To expand the provision of pre-school education so as to meet
fully the demand for it.
Educational System - Divisions:
The educational system consists of two main divisions namely "formal"
and "non-formal" education. Formal education covers the institutions
of "pre-school education", "primary education", "secondary education",
and "higher education". "Non-formal education" covers all other
educational provision sponsored by the Ministry that occurs outside
formal education.
FORMAL EDUCATION:
Pre-School (0-6)
Kindergarten |
Primary School (6-14)
Public School
Private Schools
Regional boarding schools
Special Education Schools |
Middle Schools and Lycees (14-17)
Middle Schools
General Lycees
Evening Middle Schools
Science Lycees
Anatolian High Schools |
Middle Schools and Lycees (14-17)
Middle Schools
General Lycees
Evening Middle Schools
Science Lycees
Anatolian High Schools |
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION:
| Apprenticeship training centers |
Public training centers |
| Practical trade Schools |
Adult Technical Training centers |
- Pre-primary Education:
Pre-primary education is considered an adjunct to the public education
system rather than and integral part of it. Most pre-primary schools
are privately operated, though some attached to State primary
schools. They are concentrated in the larger towns and cities,
where they meet a need arising from the rapidly rising number
of working mothers.
- Primary Education:
The five year primary education is compulsory for every child
as soon as they reach the age of six. Most elementary school students
dress similarly in a type of uniform.
Children who fail to reach the required standard at the end of
any year may repeat it, and by this process it is possible for
a child to remain in primary school until the age of 14. Normally,
however, the primary phase of basic education ends at age of 11
with award of a Primary School Certificate (Diploma).
- Secondary Education:
The high school education is divided into two stages, each stage
lasting three years, for a total of six years. The high school
programs are not different than the programs in the United States.
The main distinction in the classroom structure is that the teachers,
instead of students, go from class to class.
- Technical and Vocational Lycees: Although general lycees remain the core of the secondary sector,
there has recently been a growing emphasis on expanding the number
and capacity of technical and vocational lycees.
- Technical Lycees: These are specialized institutions and include the following specialized
types:
| electricity, |
electronics, |
chemistry, |
| machinery, |
motors, |
building. |
Courses in technical lycees are designed to prepare students either
for professional life or for further studying.
- Vocational Lycees: These fall into eight main types as follows:
| Industrial Vocational Lycees |
Girls' Vocational Lycees (home economics etc.) |
| Public Health Vocational Lycees |
Commercial Vocational Lycees |
| Agricultural Vocational Lycees |
Meteorology Vocational Lycee |
| Animal Husbandry Vocational Lycee |
Land Registration and Cadastre Vocational Lycee |
Courses in these lycees are designed to prepare students for working
life in their particular fields. Graduates can also apply for
higher education.
In order to provide further opportunities for the children with
limited finances, there are high schools with boarding facilities.
These schools are free of charge and the students are placed according
to the results of an examination.
In addition to normal middle-high schools, there are also evening
middle-high schools, which usually operate in the same buildings.
These are designed to allow those who take up employment after
primary (or middle school) to continue their formal education.
Evening schools are one year longer than day schools, but they
provide exactly the same right of access to secondary/higher education.
With limited exceptions, high schools are at large owned by the
government and provide free educational opportunities. Graduates
of these high schools can attend universities after the university
entrance examination. The centralized examination is administrated
by the Supreme Council of Higher Education and determines candidates
for the enrollment of each university and faculty after evaluating
the grades of related subjects, their high school results and
their preferences according to the student capacity of each faculty.
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION:
As with the overall administration of the country, educational
administration is firmly centralized under the Ministry of Education.
The Ministry is responsible for drawing up curricula, coordinating
the work of official, private and voluntary organizations, designing
and building schools, developing educational materials and so
on. The Supreme Council of National Education discusses and decides
on curricula, regulations etc. prepared by the Ministry.
Educational affairs in the provinces are organized by the Directors
of National Education appointed by the Minister. However, they
work under the direction of the provincial governor.
FINANCING EDUCATION:
Public education at all levels receives major support from the
central government, which is responsible for all educational expenses.
Primary education is also supported locally, mainly for the construction
and maintenance of schools. About 10 % of the general budget is
allocated for education.
Academic Calendar: The academic year generally begins in late September or early
October and extends through to May or early June, with some variations
between urban and rural areas. The school day comprised of a morning
and an afternoon session except in overcrowded schools, where
a split session may be required. Schools are in session for five
days a week. There is also a two week winter break in February.
Universities and colleges usually organize the academic year into
two semesters, the first extending from October to January, the
second from February/March to June/July.
Distribution of Schools and Teachers:
|
#of Teachers |
#of Schools |
#of Students |
| Total (Elementary) |
235,721 |
49,974 |
6,707.725 |
| Urban (Sehir) |
138,481 |
7,796 |
- |
| Rural (Koy) |
97,240 |
42,178 |
- |
| Public (Resmi) |
233,169 |
49,770 |
6,664.160 |
| Private (Ozel) |
2,552 |
204 |
43,565 |
| Female (Bayan) |
100,822 |
-------- |
3,168.808 |
| Male (Erkek) |
134,899 |
-------- |
3,543.971 |
|
| Total (Secondary) |
56,055 (JH)
124,947 (HS) |
7,544 (JH)
4,239 (HS) |
2,556.339 (JH)
1,743.471(HS) |
| Urban (Sehir) |
38,963 (JH)
120,445 (HS) |
4,190 (JH)
3,874 (HS) |
- |
| Rural (Koy) |
14,892 (JH)
4,502 (HS) |
3,354 (JH)
355 (HS) |
- |
| Public (Resmi) |
56,005 (JH)
122,970 (HS) |
7,320 (JH)
4,003 (HS) |
2,493.330 (JH)
1,696.155 (HS) |
| Private (Ozel) |
50 (?) (JH)
7,504 (HS) |
224 (JH)
236 (HS) |
63,009 (JH)
47,316 (HS) |
| Female (Bayan) |
20,724 (JH)
50,422 (HS) |
-------- |
981,313 (JH)
671,908 (HS) |
| Male (Erkek) |
35,331 (JH)
74,525 (HS) |
-------- |
1,575.026 (JH)
1,071.563 (HS) |
Year: 1992-1993
JH = Junior High School (Ortaokul)
HS = High School (Lise)
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