| Commands (at the $ Prompt) | to do ... |
| pine or mm | to go into mail (Prefer PINE mail program!) |
| man command or topic | to get help on a certain command/topic. Ex: $man ls / $man spss |
| out | out=Online Unix Tutorial / help in being introduced to Unix |
| ls or dir or ls -la or ls -alF | to see files in the current directory |
| ls dirname | to see files in a subdirectory |
| lookup name | to search for a user at Columbia (Ex: $lookup John, $lookup sss31) |
| finger or who | to see the users currently logged in |
| finger userid /or name@thehost | to search for users at another location (Ex: $finger myfriendÕsname@engin.umich.edu) |
| talk userID | to communicate/talk with another user |
| passwd | to change password |
| mkdir dirname | To create a subdirectory within current directory (Ex:$mkdir Letters |
| rm filename or del filename | To delete a file |
| rmdir dirname | To remove a directory |
| mv oldfilename newfilename | To rename a file |
| cp file directoryname filename | To copy a file to a subdirectory |
| cp filename newfilename | To duplicate a file |
| cd dirname | To change current directory to a subdirectory |
| cd ~ | takes you to home directory |
| cd .. | closes the subdirectory you are in |
| pwd | shows you which directory (current directory) you are in |
| control p | displays the commands you used |
| me or whoami | shows you detailed information about your account |
| quota -v | displays a summary of disk usage and connect time |
| type filename | displays content of a file |
| more filename or page filename | shows content of a file one page at a time (Press Space bar to read one page at a time or press <Enter> to read line by line.) |
| head filename or tail filename | displays beginning of a file / displays last part of a file |
| date or cal | display date and time / displays a calendar |
| > | redirects output from screen to disk file |
| cal > filename | puts calendar into a file |
| who > filename | puts the list of users (who are on the system) into a file |
| who | sort > filename | puts the list of users into a file after sorting the list |
| cat (=concatenate) | joins files or display file contents on screen |
| cat filename1 filename2 | combines content of two files |
| cat filename1 filename2 > filename3 | combines content of two files and put them into a new file |
| notes | Notesfiles (Ex: $notes tcnews). |
| ftp, gopher, telnet | Ex: gopher pluribus.tc.columbia.edu |
| logout, or exit | Logs you out. |