India and the Roman Empire      139

some time in the first century a.d. that the first
or Eastern invasion of Java, by colonists from
Kalinga, took place. Subsequent invasions by
large bodies of adventurers from Gujarat and
the Western ports, are probably some three or
four centuries later 1. The interesting treatise on
shipping, the Yuktikalpataru of Bhoja Narapati,
may belong to this period. In this pamphlet,
detailed directions for shipbuilding are given,
and ships 176 cubits long, fitted with cabins,
are referred to^.

One of the most curious relics of the trade
between Egypt and India was unearthed recently
at Oxyrhynchus ^. It is a papyrus of a Greek
farce of the second century a.d. and contains
the story of a Greek lady named Charition who
has been shipwrecked on the Kanarese coast.
The locality is identified by the fact that the
king of the country addresses his retinue as
'Ij^Swv Trpo/JLOL, and also by the discovery of the
learned Dr Hultzsch*, that the barbarous jargon
in which  they address one  another is  actually

^ The first Hindu colony reached Java from Kalinga about
75 A.D. The first king was Aditya. The earliest inscriptions
are in Vengi {i.e. Kalinga) dialect, and Kling is the Javanese
for India.    The immigrants from Gujarat were Buddhists.

2 Mukerji, Indian Shipping, Ch. i. Rajendralal Mitra,
Not. Skt. MSS. I. 271.

^ Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Grenfell and Hunt, 1903, No. 413,
p. 41 ff.

^ Hermes, xxxix. p. 307. In the same way a Cartha¬
ginian in the Mercator of Plautus speaks Punic.