Remains]
 

VOLUBILIS                                     19
 

prove that earthquakes are responsible for much of their
dilapidation; probably that of i/SS, which was severe
in Mequinez, was among the number. Useful descrip¬
tions are also given by Tissot, Leared,^ and Martiniere,* ^
among others, all with illustrations, and Captain Boyd,^
a slave, has left us a drawing coeval with that of Windus.
The ruins of Tocolosida, which was the next Roman
station on the road to what is now Mequinez, seem to
have been entirely dispersed and re-utilised.f

For detailed speculations as to the geography and history of
Mauretania, the reader is referred to the works of Mannert,^
Duprat,^ Saint-Martin,^ and Tissot,^ published in the
order named. The system followed by Mannert is
principally geographical, each district being dealt with separately;
that of Duprat is historical, each race or nation which has
occupied the country being treated chronologically in its turn;
that of Saint-Martin is bibliographical, the statements of each
writer being considered separately, and of the three this is of the
greatest value; it was deservedly "crowned" by the "Academic
des Inscriptions et de Belles Lettres" of France.   But all of these

* When I visited Volubilis I found Martiniere digging, but his subsequently
published volume is disappointing, as it fails to give an account of his labours.
These appeared later in the Comptes-Rendtis of the "Academie des Inscrip¬
tions et de Belles Lettres," t. xix., p. 348. His researches on the site of Lixus,
near Laraiche, are described with plates in the Bull, Arch, du Com, des Trav.
Hist, et Sc, t. viii., pp. 134-148 and 451. See also Revue Archeologique,
1887.

t Dr. Spence Watson^ describes what he took for the ruins of a Roman
town at Madrisa Sayufa, about two miles nearer Tangier than the fondak on
the Tetuan road, on a high hill to the South called Zinat. Tissot has gone
thoroughly into the various fragmentary traces of the Roman occupation.

1  Visit, Appendix B.                        '     ■-  ■     :        >

2  p. 186.

3  Inserted in the English version of De la Fave, known as Several Voyages to Barbary.

4  Geographic ancienne, Paris, 1842 (originally in German).

5  Essai historique sur les Races anciennes et modernes de VAfrique septentrionale,
Paris, 1845.

6  Le Nord d'Afrique dans VAntiquitegrecque et romaine, Paris, 1863.

7  Recherches sur la Geographic de la Mauretanie Tingitane, Paris, 1877. (See works
reviewed in Part III. of this volume.)

^ p. 297.