Causes of Hypercalcemia

• Pararthyroid-related

• Primary hyperparathyroidism:

• Solitary Adenoma 85%

• Hyperplasia 15 % MEN I (menin) MEN2 (ret)

• Carcinoma: Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome HRPT 2( parafibromin)

• Lithium

• Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

• Malignancy-related

• Direct bone metstases

• Humoral Hypercalcemia

• PTHrP

• 1, 25 vitamin D

• Ectopic PTH

• Multiple myeloma; RANKL, Dickkopf I DKK I

• HTLV 1

• Vitamin D :

• Vitamin D intoxication

• Increased 1,25 vitamin D

• Sarcoid

• Granulomaous Disease (TB, Fungal

• Milk-Alkalai Syndrome (Burnett’s):

• Hyperthyroidism

• Addison’s

• Paget’s Disease

• William’s Syndrome

• Medications:

• Vitamin A Intoxication

• Thiazides

• Theophyline