LYSIMACHIA.
 

LYSIPPUS.
 

 lion up the pUin of the Maaander, by sone Oa-

 rians and Samians of Anaea, and fell, with many

 of his  men.—2. One of the  commanders of the

 Atheman army at  the battle of Chaeronea, B.O.

 S38, was subsequently condemned to death on

 the accusation of the orator Lycurguo.]

  Lysimachia or -ea ( Avaipaxia, Avmpdxeia :

 Ivoipaxevg)   1. (Now Eksemil)  an important

 town on  the northeast of the Gulf  of Melas, and

 on the isthmus connecting  the  Thracian Cher-

 •onesus with  the main land, was founded B.C.

 809  by Lysimachus, who removed to Ms new

 city the  greater part of the inhabitants of the

 neighboring town of  Cardia.   It  was subse¬

 quently destroyed  by the  Thraeians, but was

 restored  by Antiochus the  Great.  Under the

 Romans it greatly declined ; but Justinian built

 a strong fortress on the  spot, wMch he called

 Hexamilium  ('EtjapiXtov),  doubtless from  the

 width of the isthmus, under which name it is men¬

 tioned  in the  Middle Ages.—2. A town in the

 southwest of jEtolia, near Pleuron, situated on a

lake of the same name, which was  more ancient¬

ly called Hydra.

  Lysimachus (Avalpaxog), king of Thrace, was

a Macedonian  by birth, and one of "Alexander's

generals,  but of mean  origin, his father Agath¬

ocles having baen originally a Penest or serf m

Sicily.  He vis  early distinguished for his  un-

daunte I courage, as well as  for bis great activ¬

ity an 5  strength  of  body.   We are told by Q.

Curtius that Lysimachus, when  hunting in Syr¬

ia, had killed a lion  of immense  size  single-

handed ;  and  this circumstance that writer re¬

gards as the origin of a fable gravely related by

many authors,  that, on  account of  some offence,

Lysimachus had been shut up by order of Alex¬

ander in  the same  den with a Hon;  but, though

unarmed, had succeeded in destroying the am

mal, and was pardoned by the Mng in consid¬

eration  of his courage.   In  the division of the

provinces after the death  of Alexander (B.C.

323), Thrace,  aud the  neighboring  countries  as

 far  as  the  Danube, were assigned  to Lysima¬

 chus.  For some years he was actively engaged

 in war  with the warlike barbarians that border¬

 ed his province on the north.   At length, in 315,

 he joined the league whieh  Ptolemy, Seleueus,

 and Cassander had formed against Antigonus,

 but he  did  not take any active part in  the war

 for some time.  In  306 he took the title of king,

 when it  was  assumed by  Antigonus,  Ptolemy,

 Seleucus, and Cassander.   In 302 Lysimachus

 crossed over into Asia Minor to  oppose Antigo¬

 nus,  wMle  Seleucus also advanced  against the

latter from the East   In 301  Lysimachus and

 Seleueus effected a junction, and  gained  a de¬

cisive victory at Ipsus  over Antigonus and his

son   Demetrius.  Antigonus  fell  on the field,

and  Demetrius became a  fugitive.   The con¬

querors divided  between  them the dominions

of the ranqmshed, and Lysimachus obtained for

his share all that part of Asia Minor extending

 from the Hellespont and the ./Egean to the heart

 of Phrygia.    In  291 Lysimachus  crossed  the

 Danuba and penetrated  mto the  heart of the

 eountry of the Getae ; but  he  was reduced to

 the greatest distress by want of provisions, and

 was ultimately compelled to  surrender with Ms

 whole  army.   Dromichaates,  king of the Getae,

 treated him with the utmost generosity, and re-

           412
 

 stored Mm to liberty. In 288 Lysimachus united

 with Ptolemy, Seleucus, and  Pyrrhus in a  com

 mon  league against Demetrius,  who  had fa*

 some  years been in possession  of  Macedonia,

 and was  now  preparing to  march iuto Asia

 Next year,  287,  Lysimachus and  Pyrriius in

 vaded Macedonia.   Demetrius was abandoned

 by his own troops, and was compelled  to seek

 safety in flight.  Pyrrhus for a time obtained

 possession of the Macedonian throne,  but he

 was expelled by  Lysimachus in  286.   Lysim¬

 achus  was  now in possession of all  the domin

 ions in Europe that had formed part of the Mace¬

 donian monarchy, as well as of the greater part

 of  Asia Minor.   He remained in undisturbed

 possession of these  vast dominions till  shortly

 before his death.  His downfall was occasioned

 by a dark domestic tragedy.   His wife Arsinoe,

 daughter  of Ptolemy Soter, had long hated her

 step son  Agathocles, and  at length, by false ac¬

 cusations, induced Lysimachus to put his son to

 death.   This bloody  deed alienated the minds

 of Ms  subjects, and  many cities of Asia broke

 out into   open revolt.   Lysandra, the widow of

 Agathocles,  fled with her children to the  court of

 Seleucus,  who forthwith invaded the dominions

 of Lysimachus.  The two monarchs  met in the

 plain of  Corus (Oorupedion), and  Lysimachus

 fell in the battle that ensued, B.C. 281.   He waa

 in his  eightieth year at the time of his death.

 Lysimachus  founded LYsrMAcnrA, on the  Hel¬

 lespont, and also enlarged and rebuilt many other

 cities.

  LysimelIa (tj Av(Tipi?ieia Xipvn),  a marsh near

 Syracuse  in Sicily, probably the  same  as ths

 marsh more anciently ealled Syraco, from which

 the town  of  Syracuse is said to have derived its

 name.

  Lysinoe (Avaivbn : now Aqelan ?), a town in

 Pisidia, south of the Lake Ascauia.

  Lysippus  (Avaiirirog).   1. Of Sicyon, one of tin.

 most distinguished Greek statuaries, was a  con¬

 temporary of Alexander the Great.   Originally

 a simple workman in bronze (faber erarius), he

 rose to the   eminence which  he afterwaid ob¬

 tained  by the direct study of nature.   He re¬

jected the last remains  of the old conventional

 rules which  the  early artists followed.   In his

 imitation  of nature the  ideal appears almost to

 have vanished,  or perhaps it should rather be

 said that he aimed to  idealize merely human

 beauty.  He made  statues of gods, it is true;

 but even iu  this field of art his favorite  subject-

 was the  human  hero Hercules; while Ms  por¬

 traits seem  to have been  the  chief foundation

 of Ms fame.  The works of Lysippus are said to

 have amounted to the enormous number of one

 thousand  five hundred.   They were almost all,

 if not all, in  bronze; in consequence of whieh, none

 of them are extant.    He made statues of Alex¬

 ander at  all periods of  life, and in many differ¬

 ent positions.  Alexander's edict is well known,

 that no one should  paint him but Apelles, and

 no one make his statue but Lysippus.   The most

 celebrated of these  statues was that in which

 Alexander was represented with a lance, wMch

 was considered as a sort of  companion  to the

 picture of Alexander wielding a thunderbolt, by

 Apelles.—[2. A Lacedaemonian,  harmost for a

 time  at  Epitalium in Elis.-  he devastated the

 Elean territory, and compelled them to  sue for