yUADKlGARIUS, Q.  CLA doIUS.



Sge of Janus was found with four foreheads.

Hence a temple of Janus Quadrifrons was after¬

ward  built in the Forum  transitorium,  which

had four gates.   The fact of the god being rep¬

resented with four heads is considered by the

ancients to be an indication of his being the di¬

vinity presiding over the year  with its four

seasons.

  Quadrigarius,  Q Claudius,  a Roman his¬

torian who flourished B.C. 100-78.   His work,

which  contained at least  twenty-three books,

commenced immediately after the destruction

of Rome by the Gauls, and  must in all proba¬

bility  have  come down to the death of Sulla,

since  the seventh consulship of Marius was

commemorated in the nineteenth book.  By

Livy he is uniformly referred to simply as Clau¬

dius or  Clodius.   By  other authors he is cited

as Quintius, as  Claudius,  as Q. Claudius, as

Claudius  Quadrigarius, or  as  Quadrigarius.

From the caution evinced by Livy in making

use of him as an authority, especially in mat¬

ters relating to numbers, it  would appear that

he was  disposed to indulge, although in a less

degree,  in those exaggerations which disfigured

the  productions  of his contemporary Valerius

Antias.   It is somewhat remarkable that he is

nowhere noticed by Cicero.  By A. Gellius, on

the other hand, he is quoted repeatedly, and

praised in the warmest terms.

  Quariates, a  people in Gallia Narbonensis,

on the western slope of the Alpes Cottiaa, in the

valley of Queiras.

  Quies, the personification  of tranquillity, was

worshipped as a divinity by the Romans.  She

had one sanctuary on the Via Lavicana,  proba¬

bly a pleasant resting-place for the weary trav¬

eller, and another outside the Porta Collina.

  Quietus, Q. Lusius.  3. An independent Moor¬

ish chief, served with distinction under Trajan

both in  the Dacian and Parthian wars.  Trajan

made hirn governor of Judaaa, and raised him to

the consulship in AD. 116 or 117.  After Trajan's

death he returned to his native country, but he

was suspected by Hadrian of fomenting the dis¬

turbances which then prevailed in Mauretania,

and was shortly afterward put to death by order

of Hadrian.—[2. C. Fulvius,  included  in the

list ofthe thirty tyrants enumerated byTrebel-

lius Pollio, was one ofthe two sons of that Ma-

rianus who assumed the purple after the cap¬

ture of Valerian.  Having charge of the east¬

ern provinces, when he heard ofthe defeat and

death of his father and brother, he took refuge

in Emesa, where he was besieged, captured, and

slain  by Odenathus in A.D. 262.]

  Quinitilius Varus.   Vid. Varus.

  Quintia, or Quinotia Gens, an ancient patri¬

cian gens at Rome, was one ofthe Alban houses

removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and en¬

rolled by him among the patricians,  its mem¬

bers often held, throughout the whole history of

the republic, the highest  offices of the  state.

Its three most distinguished families bore the

names  of Capitolinus, Cincinnatus, and Flamini¬

nus.

  [Quintianus Afranius, a senator  of disso¬

lute life, had been ridiculed by Nero in a poem,

and in  revenge took part  in Piso's conspiracy

against that emperor.  On the detection of the

consniracy, he had to put an end to his life.]
 

       QUUYliLIANUS, M  FABIUS.



  Quintilianus, M. Fabius, the most celebrated

of Roman rhetoricians, was born at Calagurris

(now Calahorra), in Spain, A.D. 40.  If not reared

at Rome, he must, at least, have completed his

education there, for he himself informs us that,

while yet a very young man, he attended the

lectures of Domitius Afer, who died in 59.  Hav

ing revisited Spain, he returned  from thence

(68) in the train of Galba, and forthwith begai

to practice at the bar,  where he acquired con

siderable reputation.   But he was chiefly dis

tinguished as a teacher  of eloquence, bearing

away the palm  in this  department  from all hiB

rivals, and associating his name, even to a prov¬

erb, with pre-eminence in the art.  Among his

pupils were numbered Pliny the younger and the

two grand-nephews of Domitian.  By this prince

he was invested with the insignia  and title of

consul (consularia ornamenta), and is, moreover,

celebrated as the first public instructor who, ic

virtue of the endowment by Vespasian, received

a regular salary from the imperial exchequer.

After having devoted twenty years, commenc¬

ing probably with  69,  to  the duties of his pro

fession, he retired into private life, and is sup¬

posed to have died about  118   The great work

of Quintilian is  a complete system of rhetoric

in twelve books, entitled  Be Institutione  Orato¬

rio  Libri XII., or sometimes  Institutiones Ora-

toria, dedicated  to his friend Marcellus Victo-

rius, himself a celebrated orator, and a favorite

at court.  It was written during the  reign of

Domitian, while the author was discharging his

duties as preceptor to the sons of the emperor's

niece.   In a short preface to his bookseller Try-

pho, he acquaints  us that he commenced this

undertaking after he had retired from bis labors

as a public instructor (probably in 89), and that

he finished his task in little more than two years.

The first book contains  a dissertation on the

preliminary training requisite before  a youth

can enter directly upon  the studies necessary

to mould an  accomplished orator, and presents

us with a carefully-sketched outline ofthe meth

od  to  be  pursued in educating children, from

the time they leave the  cradle until they pass

from the hands of the grammarian.   In the sec¬

ond book we find an exposition of the first prin¬

ciples of rhetoric, together with an investiga¬

tion into the nature or essence of the art.   Trie

five following  are devoted  to invention and

arrangement (inventio, dispositio) ; the eighth,

ninth, tenth, at d eleventh, to composition (in¬

cluding the proper use ofthe figures of speech)

and delivery, comprised under the general term

elocutio; and the last is occupied with what the

author considers by far the most important por¬

tion of his project, an inquiry, namely, into va¬

rious circumstances not included in a course of

scholastic discipline, but  essential to the forma

tion of a perfect  public  speaker,  such  as his

manners; his moral character; the principles

by  which he  must be guided in  undertaking, in

preparing, and in conducting causes; the pe

culiar style of eloquence which he may adopt

with greatest advantage ; the collateral studies

to be pursued ; the age at which it  is most suit¬

able to commence pleading; the necessity of

retiring before the powers begin  to  fail; and

various other kindred topics.  This production

bears throughout the impi ess of a  clear, soun<?

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