PRINTING AND BOOKMAKING.
 

BRE
 

A line of small pieces of border is much strengthened
by a rule on either side, which is frequently of a differ¬
ent kind. The example below is of a light rule at the
top, flowers following, and a wave rule below :
 

Rule is often used for a part of a border, the remain¬
der being the cast type-metal pieces, occurring most gen¬
erally at the corners, as below :
 

[
 

I
 

W
 

The mitring or joining at an angle of two pieces is
a nice piece of work. The tools and methods of doing
this will be described under Rule Cutting, and it is
only necessary to say here that the pieces of brass must
join accurately. If done with shears, it is better to cut
them a little long and trim them afterwards with a file.
In estimating on the size allowance should be made for
the probable magnitude when locked up. The page is
then smaller, and if the rules join before being locked up
the page will not lift. Rule must touch rule in tables.
In ordinary table-work the up and down lines are brass
rules; the transverse lines two and three em metal dashes.
For ordinary work labor-saving rule may be used, or
rule that has before been cut to determinate sizes and
is then joined, but in fine work the rule should be in the
longest pieces possible, as the labor-saving rule, after a
little wear, shows the joining. When the rule is cut in
the office the long pieces which come from the foundry
should invariably be used, if new sizes are required;
otherwise a good assortment will never be on hand. If
octavo rules are cut down for 12mo, the next time an oc¬
tavo book comes in there will be no rules. Cutting will
go on continually, yet there will never be a supply. By
the other plan it will not be long before there will be
enough for nearly every emergency. Bent and twisted
rule cannot be straightened so as to be used in first-rate
work. Curves and circles of many faces can be bought
from the foundries, as well as mitres. Column rules for
a newspaper should always be of one piece, as otherwise
the type might catch against one of the joinings and the
lock-up be imperfect.

Yery thin and very thick rules are made for special
purposes, the former for ornamental work, where it is
desired to bend easily, or to have a number of lines come
together in a picture, and the heavy ones in some pecu¬
liar positions, the largest being about a great primer in
thickness. Purely ornamental borders are also made
with brass rule:
 

BRAYER AND SLICE OF 1805.
 

See further respecting this under Brass Dashes, Map
Diagrams, Rule Curving and Rule Cutting.
 

Brass Type.—Type made of brass and used in book¬
binding, where frequently heat has to be applied, which
leaden types cannot endure. Brass types are also more
durable.

Bray.—This is to distribute ink on the table by means
of the brayer, preparatory to taking it on the roller.

Brayer.—A wooden pestle, cylindrical in shape, but
flat upon the bottom, used
with the hand-presses of the
last century and the beginning
of this. Later it became a
small hand-roller. Its use was
roughly to distribute the ink
when first taken up, and lay
it down in small quantities
suitable for balls or rollers. It
was with the wooden hand-
press about seven inches long
and two and a half in diameter
at the bottom, the upper part being cut away sufficiently
to make a good handle.

Brayer Ink-Table.—A table used by pressmen on
which to bray out ink, distinct from cylindrical ink-
tables.

Brazil.—A considerable amount of printing is done
in the larger towns of Brazil, particularly in Rio de
Janeiro. There are there about four hundred and fifty
printing-offices, while in the whole of Brazil there are
about a thousand. Rio has thirteen dailies, some of
them with web presses, and fifty or sixty other periodi¬
cals, two of them being illustrated papers. The largest
book and job office employs sixteen cylinders. There
are many booksellers, who keep large stocks on hand,
and there are also many stationers, but no type-founder
or press manufacturer. There are no paper-mills turn¬
ing out paper intended for newspapers or books, but
there are some wrapping-paper mills. The ink is all
imported. The other places of importance in Brazil as
regards printing are Para^Pernambuco, Santos and Sao
Paulo.

Bread-and-Butter Time.—In offices in England
lunch time is frequently thus called. This is about 11
o'clock in the morning.

Break.—1. An expression used to indicate the end
or beginning of a paragraph. It is indicated in copy by
a paragraph mark, as if, or a bracket, [, the latter being
the oldest, but not the most common way. 2. To pi or
squash type.—Jacohi. These expressions, ''squash "
and "break," are not known in the trade in America.

Break-Line.—The last line of a paragraph, where
quadrats are required to fill out the space beyond the
words. In bookwork three, four or five letters ought
never to make a break-line.

Break of a Letter.—The surplus metal on the foot
of a letter when it is first cast.

Break Up.—An amateurish expression in England
for distributing or clearing away.

Break up into Pars.—To break up solid copy into
short paragraphs.    (English.)

Breaker.—The boy or girl who breaks off the jet of
metal which adheres to the type after it is cast.

Breitkopf, Johann Gottlieb Immanuel, an em¬
inent Leipsic printer, was bred to the trade by his father,
who was a printer in that town. An accidental perusal
of a work by Albert Dlirer, in which the shape of the let¬
ters is deduced from mathematical principles, suggested
to him some important improvements in the art of cast¬
ing letters, which gave his printing-office and foundry
great reputation. He discovered a process of casting
music type which made them much more widely used,
although he was not, as has been stated, their originator.
They had been known for many years. He invented a
process for making maps out of type, which, although

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