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Public Health Service itself. For instance, in '46, the Cancer Institute had only $70,000 to give in grants to outside institutions for cancer research, and at that time they thought $70,000 was plenty.

Well, concurrently, the American Cancer Society was raising funds for research, was it?

Yes, concurrently, in order to simulate the whole field we got the Cancer Society to begin to raise funds for research in '45. But that's a separate story, and I think it's best to leave that for the time when we talk about voluntary health agencies, because we really got the Cancer Society to raise money by financing its campaign. That was based on our willingness to help to finance a campaign and their willingness to put money in research. They'd been in business for 36 years and had not raised a cent for research, and we said that we felt that this was a mistake and that if they would put 25 percent of money raised into research, we would help to finance a larger campaign. And the Cancer Society, which was made up mostly of doctors at this time, agreed, and we went ahead. But this gave background for our Federal effort.

This is all by way of parentheses really.

Pepper held hearings on September 17 and 18 of '44 and Florence Mahoney and I stayed at the Statler Hotel and went to attend the hearings on the state of medical care in the United