Class Syllabus

Jump:
1. Grand strategy
  Berdan, Frances., Richard E. Blanton, Elizabeth H. Boone, Mary G. Hodge, Michael E. Smith, and Emily Umberger. 1996. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.

D'Altroy, Terence N. 1992. Provincial Power in the Inka Empire. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Liverani, M., ed. 1993. Akkad: The First World Empire. History of the Ancient Near East, V. Padua.

Luttwak, Edward N. 1976. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Schreiber, Katharina J. 1992. War and Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Anthropological Papers No. 87, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
 
2. City planning
  Bittel, K. 1970. Hattusha: The Capital of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, New York.

Calnek, Edward E. 1976. The internal structure of Tenochtitlan. In The Valley of Mexico, ed. by Eric R. Wolf, pp. 287-302. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Clark, S. 1993. The pre-industrial city in Roman Britain. In Theoretical Roman Archaeology: First Conference Proceedings, ed. by E. Scott, pp. 49-66. Avebury, Great Britain.

Crouch, D. P., D. J. Garr, and A. I. Mundigo. 1982. Spanish City Planning in North America. The MIT Press, Cambridge.

Engels, D. 1990. Roman Corinth: An Alternative Model for the Classical City. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Filliozat, V. 1978. The Town Planning of Vijayanagara. Art and Archaeology Research Papers 14:54-64.

Fritz, John M. and George A. Michell. 1989. Interpreting the plan of a medieval Hindu capital: Vijayanagara. World Archaeology 19:105-129.

Hodge, M. G. 1997. When is a City-State? Archaeological Measures of Aztec City-States and Aztec City-State Systems. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by D. L. Nichols and T. H. Charlton, pp. 209-28. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Hyslop, J. 1990. Inka Settlement Planning. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Macdonald, W. L. 1986. The Architecture of the Roman Empire, II: An Urban Appraisal. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Morris, Craig. 1972. State settlements in Tawantinsuyu: A Strategy of compulsory urbanism. In Contemporary Archaeology, ed. by M.P. Leone, pp. 393-401. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

Morris, C., and D.E. Thompson. 1985. Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland. Thames and Hudson, London.

Patterson, J. R. 1992. Survey article: The city of Rome: From Republic to Empire. Journal of Roman Studies 82:186-215.

Romano, D.G. and B. Schoenbrun. 1994. A computerized architectural and topographical survey of Ancient Corinth. Journal of Field Archaeology 29:177-190.

Sinopoli, C. M. 1994. Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals. In Landscapes of Power, edited by K.D. Morrison. Special issue of Asian Perspectives 33:293-308.

Sinopoli, C.M. and K.D. Morrison. 1995. Dimensions of Imperial Control: The Vijayanagara Capital. American Anthropologist 97:83-96.

Sjoberg, Gideon. 1960. The Preindustrial City. Free Press, New York.

Stambaugh, John E. 1988. The Ancient Roman City. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 
3. Palatial and estate architecture
 
Bragayrac Danilla, E. 1991. Archaeological Excavations in the Vegachayoq Moqo Sector of Huari. In Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W.H. Isbell and G.F. McEwan, pp. 71-80. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.

Farrington, I. S. 1995. The Mummy, Estate, and Palace of Inka Huayna Capac at Quispeguanca. Tawantinsuyu 1:55-65.

Heffernan, K. J. 1995. Paullu, Tocto Uisca and Chilche in the Royal Lands of Limatambo and Quispeguanca. Tawantinsuyu 1:66-85.

Niles, Susan. 1999. The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.

Protzen, J-P. 1993. Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Scott, Eleanor. 1990. Romano-British villas and the social construction of space. In The Social Archaeology of Houses, ed. by R. Samson, pp. 149-172. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
 
4. The Architecture of Ideology
  Alcock, S., and R. Osborne, eds. 1994. Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Boone, Elizabeth H., ed. 1987. The Aztec Templo Mayor. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.

DeMarrais, E., L.J. Castillo, and T. Earle. 1996. Ideology, Materialization, and Power Strategies. Current Anthropology 37:15-31.

Gasparini, G., and L. Margolies. 1980. Inca Architecture, trans. by Patricia J. Lyon. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Heitzman, J. 1987. Temple Urbanism in Medieval South India. Journal of Asian Studies 46:791-826.

Kemp, B. J. 1972. Temple and Town in Ancient Egypt. In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, edited by P.J. Ucko, R. Tringham, and G.W. Dimbleby, pp. 657-80. Duckworth, London.

Lyttelton, M. 1987. The design and planning of temples and sanctuaries in Asia Minor in the Roman Imperial Period, in S. Macready and F.H. Thompson, eds., Roman Architecture in the Greek World (Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Papers 10), 38-49. London.

Matos Moctezuma, E. 1988. The Great Temple of the Aztecs. Thames and Hudson, New York.
 

5. Images of leadership

  Gillespie, Susan D. 1989. The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Gregory, Andrew P. 1994. Powerful images: responses to portraits and the political uses of images in Rome. Journal of Roman Archaeology 7:80-99.

Helms, Mary W. 1993. Craft and the Kingly Ideal. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Price, S. R. F. 1984. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Reade, Julian. 1979. Ideology and propaganda in Assyrian art. In Power and Propaganda: A Symposium on Ancient Empires, ed. by M.T. Larsen, pp. 329-344. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen
.
Root, M.C. 1979. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art: Essays on the Creation of an Iconography of Empire. Acta Iranica 19 (3rd series), Textes et Mémoires IX. Brill, Leiden.

Zanker, P. 1988. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
 
6. Art and the ideology of imperialism
  Bauer, Brian S. 1996. Legitimation of the state in Inca myth and ritual. American Anthropologist 98:338- 351.

Bersani, L. and I. Dutoit. 1985. The Forms of Violence. Narrative in Assyrian Art and Modern Culture. New York.

Brumfiel, E. M. 1998. Huitzilopochtli's Conquest: Aztec Ideology in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8:3-13.

-. 2001. Aztec Hearts and Minds: Religion and the State in the Aztec Empire. In Empires, ed. S. Alcock, T. D'Altroy, K. Morrison, C. Sinopoli. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Henderson, G. 1994. Emulation and Invention in Carolingian Art. In Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation, edited by R. McKitterick, pp. 248-73. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Morris, Craig. 1995. Symbols to power: Styles and media in the Inka state. In Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, ed. by C. Carr and J.E. Neitzel, pp. 419 -433
.
Morrison, K.D. and M.T. Lycett. 1994. Centralized Power, Centralized Authority? Ideological Claims and Archaeological Patterns. Asian Perspectives 32:312-53.

Pasztory, E. 1983. Aztec Art. Abrams, New York.

Reade, Julian. 1979. Ideology and Propaganda in Assyrian Art. In Power and Propaganda, ed. M. T. Larsen. Mesopotamia 7:329-343.

Umberger, Emily. 1987. Antiques, revivals, and references to the past in Aztec art. Res 13:62-105

Umberger, E. and C.F. Klein. 1993.Aztec Art and Imperial Expansion. In Latin American Horizons, edited by D.S. Rice, pp. 295-336. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
 
7. Sacred landscapes
  Alcock, Susan E. 1993. Spaced-out sanctuaries: the ritual landscape of Roman Greece. In Theoretical Roman Archaeology: First Conference Proceedings, ed by E. Scott, pp. 155-166. World Archaeology Series, Avebury, Hampshire, Great Britain.

-. 1993. Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bauer, Brian S. 1998. The Sacred Landscape of the Incas. University of Texas Press, Austin.

MacLean, Margaret G. 1986. Sacred Land, Sacred Water: Inca Landscape Planning in the Cuzco Area. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.

McEwan, Colin, and Maarten van de Guchte. 1992. Ancestral time and sacred space in Inca state ritual. In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed. by R. Townsend, pp. 359-317. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.

Reinhard, Johan. 1985. Sacred Mountains: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of High Andean Ruins. Mountain Research and Development 5:299-317.

-. 1999 Frozen in Time. National Geographic Magazine 196(5):36-55.

Sinopoli, Carla M. 1993. Defining a sacred landscape: Temple architecture and divine images in the Vijayanagara suburbs. In South Asian Archaeology 1991, ed. by A.J. Gail and G.J.R. Mevissen, pp. 625-635. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
 
8. Military infrastructure
 
Aperghis, G.G. 1998.The Persepolis Fortification Texts - Another Look. In Studies in Persian History: Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis, edited by M. Brosius and A. Kuhrt, pp. 35-62. Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden.

Barbosa-Cano, Manlio. 1994. Huazyacac: Aztec military base on the imperial frontier. In Economies and Polities in the Aztec Realm, ed. by M. Hodge and M.E. Smith, pp. 377-404. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Albany.

Hassig, Ross. 1988. Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Luttwak, Edward N. 1976. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 
9. Provincial Landscapes
  Allchin, F.R. 1995. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: Early Cities and States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Barker, G. and J. Lloyd, eds. 1991. Roman Landscapes: Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Region. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 2. London.

Barrett, J.C., R. Bradley and M. Green. 1991. Landscape, Monuments and Society: The Prehistory of Cranborne Chase. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Crumley, Carole, and S. Marquardt. 1993. Burgundian Landscapes.

Gorny, Ronald L., and Sharon R. Steadman, eds. 1995. The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia. Special Issue, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 299/300:1-121.

Hingley, R. 1989. Romano-British Rural Settlement. Seaby, London.

Julien, C. J. 1993. Finding a Fit: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Incas. In Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State, edited by M. A. Malpass, pp. 177-233. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.

Liverani, M. 1995. Neo-Assyrian Geography, edited by M. Liverani. Università "La Sapienza," Rome.

Purcell, N. 1990. The creation of provincial landscape: the Roman impact. In T.F.C. Blagg and M. Millett, eds., The Early Roman Empire in the West, 7-29. Oxford.

Wenke, Robert J. 1987. Western Iran in the Partho-Sasanian period: the imperial transformation. In The Archaeology of Western Iran, ed. by Frank Hole, pp 251-282. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Woolf, G.D. 1998. Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 
10. Infrastructure
  Aperghis, G.G. in press. Storehouses and Systems at Persepolis. Journal for the Economic and Social History of the Orient.

Chevallier, R. 1976. Roman Roads. B.T. Batsford, London.

Graf, D. 1994. The Persian Royal Road System. In Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change, edited by H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt, and M.C. Root, pp. 167-189. Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden.

Hyslop, J. 1984. The Inka Road System. Academic Press, New York.

LeVine, Terry Y, ed. 1992. Inka Storage Systems. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Morrison, K. D. 1993. Supplying the City: the Role of Reservoir Irrigation in an Indian Urban Landscape. Asian Perspectives 32:133-151.

Owens, E. J. 1991. The Kremna aqueduct and water supply in Roman cities. Greece and Rome 38:41-58.

Rickman, G. 1971. Roman Granaries and Store Buildings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
.
Sherbondy, Jeanette E. 1994. Water and Power: The Role of Irrigation Districts in the Transition from Inca to Spanish Cuzco. In Irrigation at High Altitudes: The Social Organization of Water Control Systems in the Andes, edited by William P. Mitchell and David Guillet. Society for Latin American Anthropology Publication Series, vol. 12, pp. 69-97. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.
 
11. Agricultural intensification under the imperial aegis
 
Armillas, P. 1971. Gardens in swamps. Science 174:653-661.

Lentz, David, ed. 2000. Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas. Columbia University Press, New York.

Morrison, K. D. 1995. Fields of Victory: Vijayanagara and the Course of Intensification. Contribution. 53, The Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley.

Smith, M.E. and T.J. Price. 1994. Aztec-period agricultural terraces in Morelos, Mexico: Evidence for household-level agricultural intensification. Journal of Field Archaeology 21:169-179.

Wenke, Robert J. 1975-76. Imperial investment and agricultural development in Parthian and Sassanian Khuzestan: 150 B.C. to A.D. 640. Mesopotamia 9-11:31-221.
 
12. Specialized craft production under imperial auspices
  Brumfiel, E. M. 1987. Elite and Utilitarian Crafts in the Aztec State. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, edited by E. M. Brumfiel and T. K. Earle, pp. 102-18. Cambridge University Press, New York.

-. 1996. The Quality of Tribute Cloth: The Place of Evidence in Archaeological Argument. American Antiquity 61:453-462.

D'Altroy, T.N. and R.A. Bishop. 1990. The provincial organization of Inka ceramic production. American Antiquity 55:120-138.

Otis Charlton, Cynthia L. 1994. Plebeians and Patricians: Contrasting Patterns of Production and Distribution in the Aztec Figurine and Lapidary Industries. In Economies and Polities in the Aztec Realm, edited by M.G. Hodge and M.E. Smith, pp.195-219. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany, Albany.

Peacock, D.P.S. 1982. Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. Longman, London.

Ramaswamy, V. 1985. Artisans in Vijayanagara Society. Indian Economic and Social History Review 22:417-444.

Spurling, Geoffrey E. 1992. The Organization of Craft Production in the Inka State: The Potters and Weavers of Milliraya. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Topic, John R. 1990. Craft production in the Kingdom of Chimor. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, ed. by M.E Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 145-176. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
 
13. Social identity
  Anawalt, Patricia R. 1992. A Comparative Analysis of the Costumes and Accoutrements of the Codex Mendoza. In The Codex Mendoza, edited by F.F. Berdan and P.R. Anawalt, Vol. I, pp.103-50. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1996. Figurines and the Aztec State: Testing the Effectiveness of Ideological Domination. In Gender in Archaeology: Research in Gender and Practice, edited by R.P. Wright, pp.143-66. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

Burkhart, L.M. 1997. Mexica Women on the Home Front: Housework and religion in Aztec Mexico. In Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by S. Schroeder, S. Wood and R. Haskett, pp. 25-54. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.

Cowgill, George L. 1997. State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:129- 161.

D'Altroy, T. 2000. Remaking the Social Landscape: Colonization under the Inkas. In Stein, Gil, ed. The Archaeology of Colonization in Cross-Cultural Perspective, School of American Research Advanced Seminar. ms.

Joyce, Rosemary. 2000. Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Laurence, Ray and Joanne Berry, eds. 1998. Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire. Routledge, London and NewYork.

McCafferty, S.D. and G.G. McCafferty. 1998. Weapons of Resistance: Spinning and Weaving Tools and Material Metaphors of Gender Discourse in Postclassic Mexico. Journal of Material Culture 4:

Silverblatt, Irene. 1987. Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Morkot, Robert G. 1999. The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers. London.

Paddock, C. 1983. The Oaxaca Barrio at Teotihuacán. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 170-175. Academic Press, New York.

Smith, R.R. 1998. Cultural choice and political identity in honorific portrait statues in the Greek east in the second century A.D. Journal of Roman Studies 88:56-93.

Spence, M.W. 1996. A comparative study of ethnic enclaves. In A.G. Mastache, J.R. Parsons, R.S. Santley, and M.C. Serra Puche, eds., Arqueología Mesoamericana: Homenaje a William T. Sanders, pp. 333- 353.
 
14. Daily life
  Barker, G. and R. Hodges, eds. 1981. Archaeology and Roman Society. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 102, Oxford.

Charlton, T.H., D.L. Nichols, and C. Otis Charlton. 1993. Aztec household-based craft production: archaeological evidence from the city-state of Otumba, Mexico. In Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica, ed. by R.S. Santley and K.G. Hirth, pp. 147-172. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Costin, Cathy and T.K. Earle. 1989. Status distinction and legitimation of power as reflected in changing patterns of consumption in late prehispanic Peru. American Antiquity 54:691-714.

D'Altroy, T., C. Hastorf, and Associates. 2001. Empire and Domestic Economy. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press, New York.

Evans, Susan T. 1991. Architecture and authority in an Aztec village: Form and function of the tecpan. In Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico: A Two Thousand Year Perspective, ed. by H.R. Harvey, pp 63-92.

Hassan, F.A. 1993. Town and Village in Ancient Egypt: Ecology, Society, and Urbanization. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, and A Okpoko, pp.551-569. Routledge, London.

van Dommelen, Peter. 1993. Roman peasants and rural organization in central Italy: an archaeological perspective. In Theoretical Roman Archaeology: First Conference Proceedings, ed by E. Scott, pp. 167-186. World Archaeology Series, Avebury, Hampshire, Great Britain.
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1994. Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum, Princeton.
 
15. Colonization and resettlement
  Bartel, B. 1985. Comparative Historical Archaeology and Archaeological Theory. Comparative Studies in the Archaeology of Colonialism, edited by S.L. Dyson. BAR International Series 233, Oxford.

Crouch, D. 1991. Roman Models for Spanish Colonization. In Columbian Consequences Vol. 3: The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, edited by D. H. Thomas pp. 21-36. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Deagan, K. 1995. Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola, Gainesville.

Salmon, E.T. Roman Colonization under the Republic. London.

Stein, Gil. 2000. Rethinking World Systems.

Stein, Gil, ed. 2000. The Archaeology of Colonization in Cross-Cultural Perspective, School of American Research Advanced Seminar (in preparation).
 
16. Trade networks
  Begeley, V. and D. DePuma, eds. 1991. Rome and India: the Ancient Sea Trade. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
.
Berdan, Fances F. 1987a. Cotton in Aztec Mexico: Production, Distribution, and Uses. Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos 3:235-62.

-. 1987b The Economics of Aztec Luxury Trade and Tribute. In The Aztec Templo Mayor, edited by E. H. Boone, pp. 161-84. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.

-. 1988 Principles of Regional and Long-Distance Trade in the Aztec Empire. In Smoke and Mist: Mesoamerican Studies in Memory of Thelma D. Sullivan, edited by J. K. Josserand and K. Dakin, pp. 639-656. BAR International Series, no. 402, Oxford.

Edens, Christopher. 1992. Dynamics of trade in the ancient Mesopotamia "world system" American Anthropologist 94:118-139.

Eidem, J. and F. Hojlund. 1993. Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century B.C. World Archaeology 24:441-448.

Garnsey, P., K. Hopkins, and C.R. Whittaker, eds. 1983. Trade in the Ancient Economy. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Greene, Kevin. 1986. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Hall, T. D. and C. Chase-Dunn. 1993. The World-Systems Perspective and Archaeology: Forward Into the Past. Journal of Archaeological Research 1:21-43.

Hassig, R. 1985. Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Hosler, D. and A. Macfarlane. 1996. Copper Sources, Metal Production and Metals Trade in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica. Science 273:1819-24.

Peregrine, P.N. and G.M. Feinman, eds. 1996. Pre-Columbian World Systems. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.

Schneider, J. 1977. Was There a Pre-Capitalist World-System? Peasant Studies 6:20-9.
Smith, M. E. 1990. Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:153-69.

Zeitlin, R.N. 1991. The energetics of trade and market in the early empires of Mesoamerica. Research in Economic Anthropology 13:373-86.
 
17. At the edge: imperial frontiers
 

Dillehay, Tom D., and Patricia J. Netherly. 1985. The Inca Frontier. BAR International Series 545. Oxford.

Dyson, Stephen L. 1985. The Creation of the Roman Frontier. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

Kennedy. Rome's Eastern Frontier from the Air.

Ramenofsky, A. 1987. Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Roberts, B. and R. Glasscock, eds. 1983. Villages, Fields and Frontiers. BAR International Series 185, Oxford.

Säve-Söderbergh, T. and Troy, L. 1991. New Kingdom Pharaonic Sites: The Finds and the Sites. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Nubia, Vol. 5:2. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.

Smith, S.T. 1991. A Model for Egyptian Imperialism in Nubia. Göttinger Miszellen 122:77-102.
-. 1995 Askut in Nubia: The Economics and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millennium BC. Kegan Paul International, London.

Whittaker, C. R. 1994. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

 
18. Imperial collapse and aftermath
 

Cipolla, C.M., ed. 1970. The Economic Decline of Empires. Methuen, London.

Lee, Vincent. 2000. Forgotten Vilcabamba. Six Manco Productions. Wyoming.

Moreland, J. 1993. Wilderness, Wasteland, Depopulation and the End of the Roman Empire? Accordia Research Papers 4:89-110.

Oates, J. 1991. The Fall of Assyria. In The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd edition, III/2:162-193. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tainter, J.A. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Yoffee, N. and G.L. Cowgill, eds. 1988. The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.