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BACKGROUND READINGS The Economist (London), weekly; a cut above other weekly newsmagazines, with world-wide coverage. Read critically. The Economist is committed to the ideology of an open world market, but it is fair; it gives the facts on the basis of which one can disagree with its conclusions. Beautifully written. Also, The New York Times. Using both of these sources, follow current events systematically around the world, especially those relevant to class discussion and your selected term project.. GENERAL READINGS Items included in the course packet are marked by "#"(Revisions pending). No books are included unless they are out of print. Key items not in the course packet are marked with an asterisk "*." When printing materials downloaded from the Internet that follow metric standards (e.g., European documents), fix page setup for a reduction to 90% of original size, otherwise bottom of page may be clipped. * UNDP (1997-2001) Human Development Reports. New York, United Nations. These are key references on the human dimension of sustainability. They are also indispensable reference works, with over 200 pages each of statistical tables by country, updated and expanded annually. All UN materials can be obtained from the United Nations bookstore in New York. Download entire report for 2001 in pdf from www.undp.org/hdr2001/ (click on picture of title page). [UNDP 01 Human dev report] * Soros, George (1997) "The Capitalist Threat." The Atlantic Monthly, February http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97feb/capital/capital.htm; also: * Soros, George (1998) "Toward a Global Open Society." The Atlantic Monthly, Jan. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98jan/opensoc.htm * European Commission (1996) European Sustainable Cities. Report, Expert Group on the Urban Environment. Brussels. Download via http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/urban/home_en.htm; click on link "policy report on European Sustainable Cities" (about a page down from the top, line 4 in section 1a. The Sustainable European Cities Report). This leads to a page of multilingual download links to the full report and executive (and shorter) summaries that can also be directly accessed via http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/urban/home_en.htm#European. Read the Executive Summary and Ch. 1-3 ofthe full report. Also: * European Commission (1997) Towards and Urban Agenda in the European Union. Brussels, 06.05.1997. Download via http://www.inforegio.cec.eu.int/urban/forum/src/ppaper01.htm using multi-lingual download links. # Hampden-Turner, C., and Trompenaars, A. (1993) The Seven Cultures of Capitalism. New York, Doubleday. U.S., Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. This book is out of print; it is included in the reading collection. Read it all. * UNCTAD (1997) Trade and Development Report, 1997. New York, United Nations. Read Ch. III-V, pp 103-176. Discussion of income distribution and development. Read selectively, for comparison with Vietorisz and McAdams (1994), above. * World Bank (1993) The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. New York, Oxford University Press. Policy analysis covering Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Read selectively, for comparison with Vietorisz and McAdams (1994), above. GENERAL SOURCES- TERM PROJECT * Novak, Joseph D. (1985) Learning How to Learn. Paperback, Cambridge University Press. Fundamental reference on concept mapping. UNDP, Human Development Database (1998) Version 1.1. Statistics from the Human Development Report 1998. Program diskettes and User's Guide booklet. For Windows, 6 program diskettes, includes utility programs for data management and presentation. UNDP (1997-2001) from General References. These volumes are also essential sources for many term papers. Special survey supplements of The Economist (London), at irregular intervals. See, in recent years, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, three on Japan since 1994, and many others. Economist (2001) Country briefings: Home page http://www.economist.com/countries/ also[ ECT 01 Country Briefings] UNEP et al. (1997) Guide to Environment and Development Sources of Information on CD-ROM and the Internet, New York, United Nations Environment Program SYLLABUS SECTIONS - OVERVIEW | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | PART ONE: SPATIAL AND MARKET CONTEXT OF PLANNING FOR MAJOR CITIESSection 1.
Overview of power relationships and
worldwide market expansion PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT PLANNING - PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS Section 5. Key
strategies: Increasing productivity, broadening the middle
class, and taming the market There is no assigned text. It is assumed that students have varying degrees of familiarity with the topics designated in the general readings and the syllabus; readings should be covered accordingly. Background reading and items in the Syllabus are supplementary to class presentations; for some of the topics to be covered in class, no good summary sources (or no sources at all) exist. Taking careful class notes is therefore important. Students are also encouraged to pool notes. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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SYLLABUS SECTIONS - PART ONE 1 Overview of the open society, power relationships, and worldwide market expansion. Metropolitan, regional, national, and global context. Relationships between global economic development, urbanization, worsening income inequalities within and between regions in the world market, and sustainability. Basic criterion: the open society and its current challenge from the side of market fundamentalism. The open society and market power / political power. Tension between the market and planning. Multicultural societies and inner hierarchies in each cultural group. Openness and planning decisions in the face of diversity. Our interests as individuals and as community members; the market as an incomplete community. Our communal interests, culture, gender, and socialization. Civil society and political alliances in defense of communal interests. World urbanization: center city in the metropolitan, regional, and national setting. Current World Development Issues as issues of power. Problems inherent in a world market economy; major areas of market failure. Power relationships in U.S. cities and in the Third World. The East Asian and Russian crises. Worsening income distributions and poverty; limitations of the class concept. Poverty in the U.S. The UNDP's "income poverty" and "human poverty" concepts. Gender and poverty. Poverty, cultural invasion in the Third World, and terrorism. Working through governments or mobilization by class: inherent contradictions of both approaches. Policy and planning in a contradictory world. Modernization and high technology as cultural invasion. Power relations in precapitalist societies; power as the catalyst in the capitalist tranmsition in Europe and in the Third World. Modern shell institutions versus the institutional web of modern civil society. Modernization and cultural collapse; problems of identity. What high tech means in this context. The ambivalences of moving toward a high-tech knowledge economy: income growth versus cultural change. Native Americans in the Western U.S. and in Latin America; the perplexity of Ireland today. How to deal with historical cahnge? Agricultural development as an aspect of urbanization. Western Europe, Russia, and the Third World. The pattern of traditional land distribution and its significance. The role of the family farm in Western Europe in creating domestic markets. Urban industries. The development of capitalism in Russia and in the Third worls; urbanization consequences. Control of pace of agricultural development: France, Japan. The future of rural areas: depopulation? Pervasive sprawl? Japan, Europe, and the U.S. Environmental and ecological issues as issues of market vs. community. Air pollution, expansion of urbanization into watersheds, with impacts on water quality, elimination of open spaces, and destruction of habitats; deforestation, overgrazing, and soil erosion in subsistence economies; toxic industrial pollutants and resource depletion in emerging economies; dams (Darmada), mines (Germany, Peru), and displaced communities; brown fields, solid waste, insufficient recycling, and greenhouse gases in developed economies. * UNDP (1997-2001) from General Readings. * European Commission (1996) and (1997) from General Readings. On human social
and economic rights: On the Lomborg debate:
UNDP/ODS (1996) The Next Millenium: Cities for People in a Globalizing Wolrld. New York, United Nations, pp 1-26. OECD (1998) The World in 2020: Towards a N ew Global Age. Washington, DC, Brookings Press. Read selectively. # Stuart L. Hart (1997) "Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World." Harvard Business Review, January-February 1997, 66-76. Included as lead article in McAdams, A., ed. (1998) Connecting Business and the Environment: Seminars in Industrial Ecology. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. A radical statement coming from an acclaimed business source. # Vietorisz, T., Goldsmith, W.W., and Grengs, J. (1998) Air Quality, Urban Form, and Coordinated Urban Policies. Ithaca, NY, Cornell CRP Working Paper 176. Read Chapter V. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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2 A case of development planning: Mexico and its urban centers. The three major urban centers in relation to the smaller port cities in the setting of an emerging economy. Sharply differing urban roles of Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara: orientation to government versus traditional or more modern types of business. Historical development; key division: inside the modern sphere or not. Migration; "maquiladora" industries. Petroleum and regional development: comparison with Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Issues in the North American Free Trade Area negotiations. Continental location and positive feedback. The role of political forces; petroleum, petrochemicals, and natural gas. Three key principles: raising productivity; broadening the middle class; taming the market with minimal rigidity. Implementation through strategic intent. Application to Mexico and other Third World areas. How these principles apply to the U.S. and other industrially developed countries. Vietorisz, T. and McAdams, A. (1994) Paradigms for Industrial Development as Applied to Mexico. Used as a key example. [VT Paradigms_Mex.W98 ] * Ibarra, David (2001) Two essays to be assigned for class presentation: Modernidad revolucionaria y postmodernidad neoliberal (Revolutionary modernity and postmodern neoliberalism); and La vieja y la nueva economia (The old and the new economy). By a former secretary of the treasury of Mexico, these two essays summarize the transition from a period of fast industrialization under policies of protected import substitution, to the current Catch-22 situation in which policymakers in Third World countries find themselves under the prevailing trend of market-dominated globalization. # Hamel, Gary and Prahalad, C.K. (1989) "Strategic Intent." Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1989, 63-76.# Hampden-Turner, C., and Trompenaars, A. (1993) The Seven Cultures of Capitalism. New York, Doubleday. As you go through this assigned general reading (all of it), focus on how the cases of Mexico, as well as of your selected region, fit into the discussion of this text. * Vietorisz, T. (1996) Transcultural Foundations of Success in Joint Ventures: The Best-Practice Case of MABE-GE. Ithaca, NY, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/depts/CAHRS/WPapers2.html; then scroll down to 1996 and click on paper 12. * World Bank (1993) The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. New York, Oxford University Press. Policy analysis covering Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Read selectively, for comparison with Vietorisz and McAdams (1994), above. UNESCO (1996) Our Creative Diversity. 2nd ed. Paris, 1996. Cultural dimensions of development: global ethics, pluralism, empowerment, media, gender, children, environment. Read selectively. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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3 A paradigmatic case of metropolitan systems in the U.S. and abroad. The market context and politics of U.S. metropolitan land use. History of political influence and urban/regional development: the Erie Canal, South Boston, urban rail and highway development. Example of urban air pollution and U.S. metropolitan system relationships. Suburban explosion, the automobile, and air pollution. Any spoke of a wheel will lead an ant to the hub: the system of U.S. metropolitan interrelations between sprawl, core-city decay, and the competitiveness of the metropolitan industrial and business base. Scenario planning, strategic intent, and initial challenge. Formation of political coalitions. Key issue: which aspects of the U.S. experience are transferable to countries abroad, especially in the light of the rapid worldwide expansion of U.S. culture? Parallels and contrasts with selected world cities: Berlin, Jerusalem, Shanghai, Mexico City. # Vietorisz, T., Goldsmith, W.W., and Grengs, J. (1998) Air Quality, Urban Form, and Coordinated Urban Policies. Ithaca, NY, Cornell CRP Working Paper 176. Read the rest of the paper. [VT AQ Urb Form v7.1w] # Bank of America et al. (1995) Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to fit the New California. Bank of America, California Resources Agency, Greenbelt Alliance, and The Low Income Housing Fund, Exec-6776, 6/95.. # Hamel, Gary and Prahalad, C.K. (1989) "Strategic Intent." Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1989, 63-76. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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4 Brief survey of mainstream and critical development theories and models: how well do they handle issues of development in a rapidly urbanizing world? Economists' standard models of resource accumulation, equilibrium, trade, and growth. Macrosociological models of institution building: differentiation, integration, linkage. Revisionist models of positive feedback and disequilibrium (Myrdal, Kruger) and innovation (Schumpeter). Critical models: disembedding of the economy (Polanyi), dependency and related theories (Gunder Frank, Samir Amin, Wallerstein). Marx's comprehensive analysis of historical change, centered on the mode of production: how valid is it to-day? Summary: four issues that the disembedded global market fails to handle: stability of capital flows, acceptable income distribution, acceptable environmental performance, and rational urban form to make possible a high quality of life. # Vietorisz (1973) Industrial Development Consultancy and Choice of Technology. Unpublished OECD report. Integrating theoretical perspectives in planning, on development as accumulation, macrosocial change, and historical transformation. Chenery, H. (1960) "Patterns of Industrial Growth." American Economic Review, Sept. 1960, pp. 624-654. A classic example of the economists' approach to the statistical analysis of industrialization trends in different countries. Andre Gunder Frank (1979) Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment, New York, Monthly Review Press. Young,"Reactive Subsystems", American Sociological Review, April 1970; or "The Plantation Economy and Industrial Development in Latin America", Economic Development and Cultural Change, April 1970. A classic xample of a macrosociological approach to development, notable for its analysis of change in social systems within an environment constituted by broader social systems.Yo, Alvin S., Social Change and Development: Modernization. Dependency, and World System Theories, London and New Delhi, Sage, 1990. (A survey of critical development theories. Scan and read selectively.) # Vietorisz (1959) Urbanization And Economic Development. Santiago, Chile, United Nations, Seminar on Urbanization in Latin America, E/CN.12/URB/24. An early discussion of positive feedback systems in a non-equilibtium approach to economic development, following Myrdal. # Vietorisz (1974) "Economic Policy Design: Principles and Urban Applications." Eastern Economic Journal, 66-85. A critical view of standard economic approaches. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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SYLLABUS SECTIONS - PART TWO 5 Key strategies: increasing productivity, broadening the middle class, and taming the market. Productivity, output, and price level. The productivity ladder. Savings and capital accumulation. Three kinds of capital: preview. Resource substitution via the foreign sector: exports, import substitution. The institutional base supporting development; civil society; institutional shells vs. genuinely modern institutions. Productivity increase paradigms: U.S., Japan, Germany, France. Polarization of productivity between high-tech (finance, silicon alley) and quasi-third-word (poverty) areas in New York. Germany before and after unification; meso-economics; urban heritage of capitals of independent principalities; industrialization and the urban network of the Ruhr region; the partial re-emergence of Berlin. Major structural change and institutions in post-war Japan; rural to urban migration; real-estate prices, housing, transport, and planning. Regional divides in France; the logic of Paris and other large cities in different regions; immigration problems. Poverty, education, and income distribution. The urban middle-class as the basis of expanding education. U.S. core-city problems, race, and lack of systemic attacks on poverty. Development aimed at raising the standard of living in two different cultural settings: West Germany, Japan. Social policy and income distribution in the Netherlands and Sweden. The interconnected network of large (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague) and secondary cities in the Netherlands. Stockholm and other middle-class cities in Sweden. The world market, distribution, and the Korean, Indonesian, and Russian crises: from rapid development to collapse. Contrast between Japan and Korea. Socially safeguarded markets: social safety nets vs. flexibility. Vietorisz, T. and McAdams, A. (1994) Paradigms for Industrial Development as Applied to Mexico. Used as a key examplein Section 2; review again, with emphasis on the Annex. [VT Paradigms_Mex.W98] UNCTAD (1997) Trade and Development Report, 1997. New York, United Nations. Ch. III-V, pp 103-176. Read with focus on income distribution. * World Bank (1993) The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. New York, Oxford University Press. Policy analysis covering Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Review again, in the light of critiques. # "Message in a miracle," and "Riddle of East Asia's Success: Miracle or Myth?" The Economist, October 2, 1993, pp. 18-20 and 41-42. Commentary on World Bank monograph. Optional: Izumi Ohno (1996) Beyond the "East Asian Miracle": An Asian View. New York, United Nations, UNDP/ODS No. 5. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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6 Dimensions of power: development and modes of production. Region and urban center. Spatial metaphors for representing time. World evolution, biological evolution, cultural evolution. Human origins on the time line; language and concepts as an independent evolutionary level. Hunting, fishing, and gathering societies, egalitarian and hierarchical village agricultural societies, tribe to empire. Social and material preconditions of production. Structure and dynamics of Asiatic, antique, feudal, capitalist, and socialist modes. City vs. rural hinterland: under different modes of production: village community vs. urban surplus center (Asiatic); armed farmer residing in town (antique); rural-urban contradiction (feudal); rural base of urban industrialization (capitalist). Contradiction and change. Historical evolution of class relations. Cultural complementation of mode of production analysis. Role of cities as centers of cultural changes. # Tökei, F. (1979) Essays on the Asiatic Mode of Production, Budapest, 1979, pp. 36-84. An important overview of mode-of-production analysis, including discussion of the case of China. Marx, Karl (1965) Precapitalist Economic Formations. New York, International Publishers. Selection from Marx's notebooks (the "Grundrisse") with introduction by Eric Hobsbawm. Antonio Gramsci (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Publishers. Read selectively. Polanyi, K. Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Chs. 5, 11-13, 16. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End |
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7 Interaction of agricultural and urban development in Western Europe, Russia, and the Third World; problems of the lowest levels of development. The role of the family farm in Western Europe in creating domestic markets. Key role of planning in the balancing of agricultural development, rural-urban migration, and urban industrial development that both requires and absorbs migrants. The development of capitalism in Russia. Colonialism and famines in India. Agricultural and urban development in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe. Guatemala City. Lessons of a World Bank earthquake relief and housing mission. Rush into the modern world and rise on the banks of the central sewage canal. Those who were hardest hit by the hurricane Mitch. Guinea-Bissau: The anti-colonial struggle; the identity crisis of the colonial elites; military organization and development of a national language. What holds together a multi-tribal aggregate? Class versus nationalism. Plantation development, displacement of subsistence agriculture; displacement of rural crafts by early urban industries; migration forces from countryside to city. Bissau: the patronage city. Somalia: a nomadically based society. The role of the clans, their suppression, and the state. Nomadism versus agriculture; expatriate labor and sedentarization. State logic vs. tribal logic in the urbanbization process; the economic base of Mogadishu. Arrighi, Giovanni and John S. Saul (1993) Essays on the Political Economy of Africa. New York, Monthly Review Press, Chs. 1-2, 6, 8. Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia, Progress Publishers, Moscow. Scan the following sections: Ch I: Sec 9; Ch II: Sec 3, 104-107; Sec 13; Ch III: Sec 1-3; Ch 4: Sec 9; Ch 5: Sec 1, 9; Ch VIII: Sec 1-4. # Spitz, Pierre (1978) "Silent Violence, Famine and Inequality." International Review of Social Science, No. 4., 86-92. Colonial exploitation of agriculture in India, to the point of catastrophic famines. # Vietorisz, T., and Osman, F.W. (I1987) Regional Variation, Economic Specialization, and Income Distribution in Somalia, 1-36,109-120. Lopes, Carlos (1986) The Development of Guinea-Bissau. Zed Books. Read selectively. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End | |
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8 From multinationals and branch plant industrialization to the global knowledge economy: planning implications of power. Puerto Rico as an early paradigm of branch plant industrialization. Change from planning to market forces; early branch-plant development in a world of multinationals and its later results; changing role of San Juan from the Spanish to the American to the early and late Commonwealth period.. "Maquiladoras" versus domestic-market oriented industrialization in Puerto Rico and in Mexico; economic and social consequences. Is there an option other than branch plant industrialization in the metropolitan areas of the poorest countries? Parallels with recent low-level urban industrial growth in the U.S., especially in the greater Los Angeles area. Resistance of vested interests to rational democratic planning in the U.S. and abroad; dimensions of disinformation and empowerment. # W.W. Goldsmith and T. Vietorisz (1979) "Operation Bootstrap, Industrial Autonomy, and a Parallel Economy for Puerto Rico," International Regional Science Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, Fall, 1-22. An alternative approach to development going beyond the market. Frobel, Heindrichs, and Kreye (1980) The New International Division of Labor. Cambridge University Press. Introduction and Part 3. A classic on global multinational expansion. Forester, John (1982) "Planning in the Face of Power." APA Journal, Winter 1982, 67-80. Coping with disinformation as a dimension of power; an essential guide to action. Sen, Gita (1998) "Empowerment as an Approach to Poverty," UNDP, Human Developmenr Papers, 1997, 175-194. Possibilities and techniques of empowerment of the poor. # Vietorisz, T. (1996) Transcultural Foundations of Success in Joint Ventures: The Best-Practice Case of MABE-GE, Ithaca, NY, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University. Transmission of world-class skills across cultural differences. Kaul, Inge et al. (1999) Global Public Goods. New York, UNDP. Rection on Knowledge and Information, pp. 306-363, also Cultural Heritage as a Public Good, pp.240-263; scan the rest. World Bank (1999) Knowledge for Development, Oxford University Press. Read selectively. | Top | Sec 1 | Sec 2 | Sec 3 | Sec 4 | Sec 5 | Sec 6 | Sec 7 | Sec 8 | End |
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