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Chapter 25: Carbohydrates

25.1 Classification of Carbohydrates
25.2 Fischer Projections and the D-L Notational System
25.3 The Aldotetroses
25.4 Aldopentoses and Aldohexoses
25.5 A Mnemonic for Carbohydrate Configurations
25.6 Cyclic Forms of Carbohydrates: Furanose Forms
25.7 Cyclic Forms of Carbohydrates: Pyranose Forms
25.8 Mutarotation
25.9 Ketoses
25.10 Deoxy Sugars
25.11 Amino Sugars
25.12 Branched-Chain Carbohydrates
25.13 Glycosides
25.14 Disaccharides
25.15 Polysaccharides
25.16 Cell-Surface Glycoproteins
25.17 Carbohydrate Structure Determination
25.18 Reduction of Carbohydrates
25.19 Oxidation of Carbohydrates
25.20 Cyanohydrin Formation and Carbohydrate Chain Extension
25.21 Epimerization, Isomerizations, and Retro-Aldol Cleavage Reactions of Carbohydrates
25.22 Acylation and Alkylation of Hydroxyl Groups in Carbohydrates
25.23 Periodic Acid Oxidation of Carbohydrates
25.24 Summary


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