To follow achievement changes over time we need to measure the same students, on the same variable, on more than one occasion. The chapter showed four methods for mapping achievement changes using the difference score (Gain Score), effect size, graphing growth curves, and examining group means and standard deviations at each point of measurement. Measurement and statistical issues that affect the measurement of change were briefly introduced in the chapter, and a recommendation made to use multiple measurements over pre- to post instruction gains.

The chapter concluded by illustrating how assessment data can be used to formulate Individualized Educational Plans, Classroom Educational Plans, Program Improvement Plans (School Improvement Plans), conduct needs assessments, and summative evaluations to determine the effectiveness of programs/services.

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