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JADE (NEPHRITE; Pers. yashm, yashb, yashf, yasb). For at least two and a half millennia, Jade has been carved in the lands where Iranian languages have prevailed at various eras. The known material is often of extraordinary refinement, and testifies to an extensive influence on other jade-carving cultures, including the Chinese. Most of the major lapidary regions were in the eastern Iranian world, particularly in ancient and medieval Central Asia (q.v.), encompassing Sogdiana, Khotan, and Bactria, as far as Farghana (qq.v.)
i. Introduction.
ii. Pre-Islamic Iranian Jades.
iii. Iranian Jade Carving from 4th century B.C.E to 15th century C.E.
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