The Teletype machines from the Teletype Corporation, Skokie, Illinois, were ubiquitous at non-IBM computing installations in the 1960s and 70s. Notably, they were often supplied with minicomputers such as the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/20, for example (at the lab where I worked at Mt. Sinai Hospital in NYC in the early 1970s). Left: An ASR33 without built-in telephone. Below: The Teletype Corporation ASR 33 Teletype (1967). 110 bps, 8-level ASCII encoding (uppercase only); 4-row Automatic Send Receive, 101C Dataset (modem); Bell System TWX service. Teletypes were nearly 100% mechanical with no electronics to speak of and required regular maintenance and lubrication.
The ASR33 was by far the most common Teletype model in the mid-to-late 1960s, although we did have an ASR37 in the machine room for some time. But as to the model 33... The paper is roll-fed. The paper tape device was be used for sending recorded keystrokes or other data, or to capture incoming material (thus Automatic Send Receive). The KSR models (Keyboard Send Receive) lacked the paper tape reader/punch. Most non-IBM computers of the 1960s until the mid-1970s — such as DEC PDP-xx minicomputers — came with a Teletype console terminal. The 33 and 35 models were uppercase only; the 37 model had upper and lower case. To this day certain characteristics of the Teletype live on in the 110-"baud" 2-stop-bits configuration required to synchronize with the Teletype printing mechanism, still supported by most modems, serial ports, and software.
Pushing the keys was good exercise; the keys traveled a good half inch before making contact, and resistance was considerable. The Answerback reply was programmed by breaking teeth off a plastic gear. Teletypes in one form or another go back to about 1907. They were used originally as automatic Telegraph and Telegram machines. Teletypes reached their familiar mature form in the 1920s and the ASR33 was announced 1962.
In addition to sending and receiving text, Teletypes could also be used to transcribe text from keyboard to paper tape for storage and eventual re-use, and also to create line-printer carriage-control tape loops for printers such as the IBM 1403. In this case heavy-duty Mylar tape was often used instead of paper tape. At Columbia during the mainframe era, users could have operators "mount" custom printer control tapes for their jobs (see a story about this here).
Language | Link | Date | Translator | Organization |
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Belarusian | Беларуская | 2023/08/21 | Vladyslav Byshuk | Владислав Бишук | studycrumb.com |
Finnish | Suomi | 2023/08/31 | Kerstin Schmidt | writemyessay4me.org |
French | Français | 2023/08/25 | Kerstin Schmidt | prothesiswriter.com |
German | Deutsch | 2023/08/25 | Kerstin Schmidt | writemypaper4me.org |
Italian | Italiano | 2023/08/31 | Kerstin Schmidt | admission-writer.com |
Polish | Polski | 2023/08/25 | Kerstin Schmidt | justdomyhomework.com |
Russian | Русский | 2023/08/21 | Vladyslav Byshuk | Владислав Бишук | studybounty.com |
Spanish | Español | 2023/08/31 | Kerstin Schmidt | pro-academic-writers.com |
Ukrainian | Українська | 2023/08/21 | Vladyslav Byshuk | Владислав Бишук | skyclinic.ua |
Columbia University Computing History | Frank da Cruz / [email protected] | This page created: January 2001 | Last update: 3 September 2023 |