336                        ALBERUNPS INDIA.

tion. The relation between these three measures varies
very much.    According to many of the Hindus—

2 truti = 1 lava.
2 lava = I nimesha.

Further, they differ as to the relation between the
nimesha, and the next higher order of fractions of time,
for according to some the latter (kdshthd) contains
fifteen, according to others thirty nimesha. Others,
again, divide each of these three measures into eighths,
so that—

8 truti = I lava.

8 lava= I nimesha.

8 nimesha = i kdshthd (?).

The latter system is used in the book Sr'ddhava, and
has also been adopted by S M Y(f), one of their learned
astronomers. He makes this division still more subtle
by adding a further measure, smaller than the truti,
which is called anu, and eight of which are one truti.
KAshtha,          The ucxt higher orders, parts of time larger than the

nimesha, are kdshthd and kald. We have said already
(p. 335) that with some Hindus kald is only another
name for cashaka, and is considered as equal to thirty
kdshthd.    Further—

I kdshthd=i^ nimesha.
I nimesha = 2 lava.
I lava =2 truti.

Others reckon thus—

I Jcald= ^^th minute of the nychthemeron = 30 kdshthd.
I kdshthd = 2iO nimesha.

And the further fractions such as those just men¬
tioned.

Lastly, others reckon thus—•

I cashaka = 6 nimesha.
I nimesha = 2, lava.

Here ends the tradition of Utpala,
 

kala.