The chapter described two major types of rubrics: analytic and holistic. The purposes for assessment should guide the decision as to whether we use a holistic or analytic rubric. The scoring scheme can either be dichotomous (a checklist) or polytomous (a rating scale). In both cases, it is important to operationally define the scale points with observable indicators of performance likely to be evidenced in the responses of typical examinees. Checking that the rubric matches with indicators originally specified in domain ensures content-based validity of the assessment results. Rater training with the rubrics and anchor papers helps reduce unreliability in the ratings produced.

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