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that the realities are simply different. One of Jackson's opinions on this was that while there may be more office holders, in reality they do not wield the power.

Well, that's been pretty obvious. I think there are very few blacks-- and I can't off-hand think of any-- with final decision-making power in the areas of our society that really count, such as economic decisions. Even such things as contracts, it seems to me that there are very few blacks who can make decisions about granting contracts to black entrepreneurs, black contractors, et cetera. No.

I don't want to wallow in pessimism and despair. On the other hand, I do have to-- as long as I live, I do have to look at what are the realities and make some kind of comparison between appearances and substance in the area of race relations in the United States. There are some very positive appearances. For example, we do not have the flagrant racial signs of black and white in transportation and public accommodation, the kinds of things that really sparked the civil rights movement in the South. They have disappeared. What we do have are the deeper, more insidious forms of racism that we see in the North. The North has been much more effective in resisting the fight against segregated public schools. And many parts of the South and the Southern cities are gaining from observing the effectiveness of the North. The North, in spite of the election of black mayors, has not been able to deal with the problem of the deterioration