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got into any kind of immigrant activity in New York, but always you were dealing with people who were recent immigrants or the children of recent immigrants. Always the most exploited in any trade or industry were the most recent immigrants. You couldn't fail to observe that. The more recently the family had come over, the more likely would be the exploitation.

I think I had my fellowship at Columbia only one year, but I was there for two years. I met Samuel McCune Lindsay just the other day October, 1951. He was the head of my department - he had just started it. It was the department of Social Economics and he was the first head of it. Of course I worked with Franklin H. Giddings, John Bates Clark and Edwin R.A. Seligman, as well as with Lindsay and others.

I became the secretary of the Consumers' League and was going to Columbia, too. In those days everyone could handle two jobs. At one time - it wasn't that first year - I was working for the Consumers' League, I certainly had two courses at Columbia, and I was teaching at Adelphi College. I taught sociology there - the blind leading the blind - as I'd just learned it the year before. There was a very clever woman named Annie Marion MacLean who was the head of that department over there. I've forgotten whether she was sick and left for a semester or left because she wanted to travel, but at any rate, she was the one who asked me to take