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AF of L, that the vertical union had something to be said for it theoretically, and that it might be a way for them to get a head with certain things they had in mind. I honestly believe that he gave a kind of semi-official clearance to the organization of unions which later brought themselves under the title of the Congress of Industrial Organizations - the CIO.

The AF of L had always called what Johnson called “vertical unions” “industrial unions.” The United Mine Workers, of course, was always an industrial union. They took in everybody. Everybody who worked in a mine was a member of the United Mine Workers and had been since the beginning of time. There had never been any differentiation of union membership by particular skills. Although there are people in the mines who shore up the mines and put wooden beams across, even William Hutcheson of the Carpenters had never claimed them as carpenters. They were mine workers. So far as I know all organizations of miners in European countries, from which most of our miners had come, were also industrially organized. That is, they were organized into one union for the whole operation.

There were other unions so organized. The brewery workers is of course an industrial union and always has been. That was why there had never been any protest on the part