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and who are bound to each other and to their employers in the chemical industry who can make a contribution to the development of the economy of the chemical industry and bring the chemical industry into its proper economic place in the whole sphere of the economy of the nation.”

That was the way he lectured them. Nobody had ever heard of the vertical union before, using that word “vertical.” So far as I know that phrase was his own phrase - “vertical union.” Whether he invented that, or whether he got it from Alex Sachs, I don't know. I'd never heard Alex Sachs use it then, but I heard him use it almost immediately after. I don't think the phrase had been used at that time. The CIO had not been formed and was not in the process of forming at the time.

That was the first of Johnson's lectures, but this went on. I think he had a lecture every Thursday night for quite a long while. He had a conference with them and then he had a conference with the Employers' Advisory Board in which he gave them a similar line of talk about trade associations and about union organization. He told them the same thing.

Johnson didn't issue any orders, or say that anyone had to organize that way, but I really believe that he gave a sort of official sanction and put the idea into the head of a number of dissatisfied trade unions, who were dissatisfied with their position of relative power in the picture of the