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“But they aren't doing the work which a carpenter is presumed to be doing, or was doing in the old days of the guilds and the old days of the simple skilled craftsman. That's what's called a horizontal union. You get the same thing in the masons, and so on. They're all the same.

“For instance, take this business of being a truck driver.” That used to annoy him more than anything else. “The driving of a truck when it's an independent truck owned by a truck driving company is truck driver's work. In the old days he drove four horses. Now he drives a heavy automobile machine, but that's a truck driver. That company is in the trucking business. All it does is to truck. But there are some industries, like the brewery industry, where they have traditionally....”

“Not traditionally,” somebody shouted up from the back.

“Well, where they have customarily then,” said Johnson, “had their own truck drivers because they were brewery workers. They have to handle beer in a certain way so they hire the men who know how to take care of beer, moving the big kegs of beer carefully through the crowded city streets, and so forth. So the truck drivers claim those men and there is a constant fight going on.

“At any rate, those are the horizontal unions, claiming right across the line. Everybody who handles a piece of wood