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is a carpenter. Everybody who drives a horse, or drives an automobile carrying anything, is a truck driver.” He used two or three other examples.

“Then on the other hand there are the vertical unions that go right up and down, right straight through the industry. Take the automobile industry. Well, they don't have any well-developed union. So take the chemical workers' industry. The chemical workers, an AF of L organization, is a right straight up and down vertical union. Everybody in a chemical factory belongs to the chemical union. That's just one union. No matter what they do they all belong to the chemical workers' union. That's a vertical union.

“Now, we've got to stop and consider these things. America has moved over to the great mass production pattern. We're producing more and more in the mass production way of thinking and doing. Therefore, we've got to consider the trade organization and the union organization in regard to that. Why should we have a horizontal union cutting through a great mass production industry? It just can't be done. No group of men so organized can play their proper economic part in the industry. It's only those who are chemical workers and nothing but chemical workers, who owe their whole allegiance to the chemical industry, who look for their life work and life reward in the chemical industry,