The National Spokesman, 1960-1962.
In 1960 Malcolm X established the newspaper Muhammad Speaks, which by the end of the decade would have a national circulation of 600,000, the most widely-read black-owned newspaper in the country. However, by this time, serious divisions developed between Malcolm X and the NOI’s patriarch, Elijah Muhammad, and his coterie of organizational leaders based in Chicago, over a number of issues. Malcolm X was personally dismayed when it was publicly revealed that Muhammad had fathered a number of children out of wedlock. He also chafed under the NOI’s political conservatism and its refusal to support civil rights protests.
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
Malcolm X/Haley, Autobiography, Chapters 15-16.
De Caro, On the Side of My People, Chapter 13, pp. 171-188.
Malcolm X, “A Partial Transcript of a Sermon, June 16, 1961,” In Louis De Caro, Jr., Malcolm and the Cross, pp. 223-235.
Malcolm X, “Malcolm X Proclaims Muhammad as Man of the Hour: Address at Yale University (October 1962),” in Roy L. Hill, ed., Rhetoric of Racial Revolt, pp. 304-317.
Teague, “Negroes Say Conditions in U.S. Explain Nationalists’ Militancy,” New York Times, March 2, 1961, pp. 1, 17. 
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O’Kane, “Muslim Negroes Suing the State,” New York Times, March 19, 1961, pp. 1, 46. pt 1 | pt 2
Kihiss, “In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States,” New York Times, April 23, 1961, p. 406.
Cultist is Slain Battling Police,” New York Times, April 29, 1962, p. 72.
“In Los Angeles Riot: Charge Muslim was ‘Murdered’,” Amsterdam News, May 5, 1962, pp. 1, 40. pt 1 | pt 2
Becker, “Cultists on Coast Denounce Police,” New York Times, May 6, 1962, p. 73.
“Study Shows Los Angeles Police Were Investigating Muslims at Time of Riot,” Amsterdam News, May 12, 1962, pp. 1, 2. pt 1 | pt 2
“Coast Muslims Face Riot Charges,” Pittsburgh Courier, May 12, 1962, p. 7.
“Los Angeles Tensions Up Over Police Brutality,” Pittsburgh Courier, May 19, 1962, p. 4. pt 1 | pt 2
“The Muslim Message: All White Men Devils, All Negroes Divine,” Newsweek, August 27, 1962, pp. 26-27. pt 1 | pt 2
“What Courier Readers Think: Muslim vs. Moslem!” Pittsburgh Courier, October 6, 1962, p. 13.
“Malcolm X in Court,” Amsterdam News, November 17, 1962, pp. 1, 2. pt 1 | pt 2
“Amsterdam News Readers Write…: Malcolm X Speaks,” Amsterdam News, November 24, 1962, p. 39.
Turner, “Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes,” New York Times, November 26, 1962, p. 18.
“Pulse of New York’s Public: No Compromise,” Amsterdam News, December 1, 1962, p. 10.
“L.A. Muslims Face Trial Over ‘Riot’,” Pittsburgh Courier, December 15, 1962, p. 22. pt 1 | pt 2
Robin Kelley on Malcolm's use of "house Negro" and "field Negro"
Ossie Davis on the Malcolm's struggles with NOI inaction
Max Stanford on the schism within the NOI after the LA murder
Abdullah Abdur-Raazaq on Malcolm's power in the Nation of Islam
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