Bibliography

http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=0ciC6vmLc83-rhuXlpXbVkj8l5XJoV4UBnGOvkWT6XwNUfoUWybhJbcBbg9p3tu69CC7LNgR7ecVpy0GgE9ffRUsHzw1c6oaMHCsX-CKTdu

        In China, controlling over media is the core for the government to guide public consensus and stabilize political power. The authority is taking advantages of media’s wide reaching and fast spreading feature to advocate the party ideology and political policies. Using media to guide public opinion also helps the government and the party to gain public support and trust. This article talks about the strategies the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party used in order to control media, as well as the journalists’ development of self-censorship in response to the political control.

 

       The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or websites, and jailing dissident journalists, bloggers, and activists. Google's battle with the Chinese government over Internet censorship and China’s blocking of foreign VPNs also increased international attention to censorship issues. At the same time, the country's burgeoning economy relies on the web for growth, and the growing need for Internet freedom is testing the regime's control.

 

       This article is a study about the role of media in sustaining regime stability in an authoritarian context. The authors find that the Chinese media contribute to regime legitimacy by propagandizing citizens’ experiences in the legal system. However, unlike the “mouthpieces” of earlier communist regimes, the commercialized Chinese media provide more convincing and sophisticated messages that continues to accord with state censorship demands while satisfying readers’ interest in real-life stories and problems. Statistical analysis of a randomly sampled survey conducted in four Chinese cities in 2005 demonstrates that exposure to media reporting about labor-law successfully promotes the image of a pro-worker bias in the law among citizens, and therefore encourages them to participate in the legal system.

 

      This article proposes information visibility as tool to examine the political censorship in China. It focuses on the practice of recoding, that is, the use of code words and images to circulate information that is deemed “sensitive” and therefore removed from the web. Censorship-evading practice like recoding is not only a form of “resistance” against state domination, but also holds political and cultural significance. It therefore invites a
careful rethinking of China’s Internet censorship, and calls attentions to the social impact of contour-censor act.

 

       Using a dataset of 1,403 secret censorship directives issued by the Chinese propaganda apparatus, the article examines the censorship practices in contemporary China. The findings suggest that the Chinese Communist Party is gradually adjusting its censorship practices from restricting unfavorable reports to a strategy of "conditional public opinion guidance." However, this softer approach of regulating news is not equally enforced on every report. First, the party tends to ban news that directly threatens the legitimacy of the regime. In addition, online reposts are more likely to be banned compared to traditional media. Lastly, local leaders seeking promotions have more incentive to hide negative news within their jurisdictions. Taken together, these characteristics create a strong but fragmented system of media regulation in contemporary China.

 

     The history of information started at the origin of human society. Similar to other social phenomenon, the media is ever changing and always developing. From the invention of paper to the popularization of computer, media process and technology has been taken a large step in terms of reach and speed. The emergence of the internet pushed information flow to a peak while posing challenges to traditional media control. Media censorship is primarily a political phenomenon, but also related to social and economic issues. This article introduces Chinese media censorship through the history, from the feudal society to contemporary China, in terms of strategies, characteristics, and impacts. It also emphasizes the innovated feature of new media and its challenge to exist censorship apparatus.

 

      The emergence of new media provides Chinese people an innovated way to express personal opinions towards political issues. Internet with the anonymity feature especially raises citizens’ participation in national sensitive topic. Online users are able to express real opinions and criticize political authorities without fear and beyond physical limitations. As a result, the internet serves as a direct reflection of public consensus that monitors the government in return. New media plays an increasingly essential role in tightening public connection to the government as well as promoting public involvement in policy making process. The internet is pushing Chinese society to a democratic direction and facilitates the freedom pf speech.  

 

       China is becoming an increasingly affluent and vibrant society that is building a rapidly growing market economy. Correspondingly, Chinese media is also developing towards an open, lively, and even assertive state. However, although media is undergoing visible changes in style and structure, there has been no convincing demonstration that China’s reforms have enabled the media to function as a public arena sustained by a flourishing civil society. This article argues that state corporatism captures the tension-filled relationship between the state and the market-emboldened society in China’s new media. In this relationship, the party-state’s administrative agencies design and enact control policies to media actors, while practitioners under profit-seeking environment implement, localize, or particularize such policies. The interaction between authorities and media is a highly charged political process filled with uncertainties. With continued state control, the media, while foregrounding people’s everyday lives and opening up for modes of expression, remains aloof to the democratic impulse in the society.

Related Webites

This is the link to China's largest micro-blog Sina Weibo, which also known as the Chinese version of Twitter. Until the end of 2014, the number of Weibo users has reached 249 million. This site has become the main platform leading Chinese public consensus.

This website is used for checking the availability of certain foreign webpages in mainland China. By typing in the name or link of the website, this webpage will show whether or not it is blocked in mainland China, and in which region it has been blocked.

This is the link to China's largest search engine Baidu.com. Since Google has been blocked in mainland China, most Chinese citizens use Baidu for online research. This site has been highly control by Chinese media censors and therefore the search result of certain sensitive topics will be partially blocked.

              https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIBaQ11dVmE

These are the links to two YouTube video inserted in previous pages. The first one is a CNN report about the block of Hong Kong protest in mainland China's media. Because of the information control from the political party, China's citizens have little knowledge about the protest. The second video is an analysis about the anti-censorship movement held by the Chinese magazine Southern Weekly. Both of the links cannot be accessed from mainland China, unless using VPNs or software, because of the block of YouTube video.

 

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