Adam
/ aadam — In Islamic as in Judeo-Christian religious
tradition, the name of the first man. His creation was not approved
by the angels (Qur'an 2:30-34). == {96,3};
{98,2}; {219,3}
'Ali / ((alii
— The Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. == [{98,1}]; {141,5};
{216,1}, as saaqii-e
kau;sar
'Ali
Bahadur / ((alii bahaadur
— Navab Ali Bahadur was the ruler of
the state of Bandah [baa;Ndah], and a
patron of Ghalib’s. == {99,10}
Allah
(God) / all;aah
— An invocation of God, often exclamatory, more formal than ‘Lord’. == {48,4};
{121,5}; {162,2};
{167,7}
Anonymous — A bystander of some unspecified kind who offers a (usually
sympathetic) comment, to or about the lover, almost always in the
closing-verse (because of the presence of the pen-name).
== Some examples: {7,7}; {15,15}; {20,11}; {22,9}; {25,9}; {32,3}: {71,10}; {72,7}
Anqa / ((anqaa
— A bird from Arabic story tradition, whose single defining
trait is his not-there-ness. Whenever you try to catch him, he’s gone. == {1,4}*; {5,3}; {95,1};
{145,1}; {214,13x}
Arif / ((aarif
— Ghalib’s brother-in-law, whose early death evoked the melancholy ghazal {66}. == {66,5}
Asad / asad
— The poet’s early pen-name, before he changed over to ‘Ghalib’. His own comment
on it: {219,1}. A list of closing-verses discussed in this commentary in which it appears: {2,1};
{3,6}; {3,14x}; {4,16x};
{5,9x}; {6,14x};
{7,7}; {8,5x}; {13,7}; {16,10x};
{18,7x}; {19,7}; {23,1}; {25,9}; {27,8}; {34,8}; {35,10}; {37,6x};
{38,7}; {40,6x}; {41,8}; {42,6}; {45,5}; {49,12}; {50,3};
{64,6}; {68,9x};
{71,10}, Asadullah Khan; {78,7};
{79,6x}; {81,5}; {82,3x}; {108,13x}; {109,1};
{112,10}; {113,
9}; {114,7}; {119,10};
{129,7x}, Asadullah Khan; {140,6}; {141,7};
{147,7x}; {148,10}; {149,10x}; {152,7};
{153,10}; [{155,3}];
{158,9}, Asadullah Khan; {167,10};
{187,5x}; {189,9}; {190,10};
{193,5}; {199,4}; {200,3};
{210,7}; {212,7x}; {214,12};
{214,16x}; {217,10x}; {220,3x}; {221,3}; {226,7x}; {228,10}
Atish / aatish
— Khvajah Haidar 'Ali ‘Atish’ (1777-1847) was a well-known
ghazal poet. == {89,1}; {92,7};
{97,1}; {164,9};
{164,9}; {167,6};
{191,9}; {203,4};
{234,1}
Azurdah
/ aazurdah
— Mufti Sadr ud-Din Khan ‘Azurdah’ (1789-1868),
scholar, Islamicist, and poet, was a close friend and confidant of
Ghalib’s. == {38,6}; {90,3};
{97,10}; {144,1};
{234,7}
Bahman / bahman — One of the legendary kings in the Shah-namah.
== {120,12}
Banat
un-Na'sh (Daughters of the Bier) / banaat
un-na((sh — The constellation of the Pleiades. == {111,3}
Barbud
/ baarbud
— The name of a famous Persian
musician. == {177,8}
Bedil
/ bedil
— Mirza 'Abd ul-Qadir ‘Bedil’ (1642-1720)
was a famous Indo-Persian poet whom Ghalib greatly admired.
== {6,3}; {8,5x}*; {12,7x};
{29,10x}; {155,3}; {234,9}
Brahmin
/ barhaman
— The Brahmin, as a symbolic high priest
of Hinduism; his distinctive mark is the sacred thread [zunnaar].
== {60,8}; {120,8};
{204,7}
Bu
Turab/ buu
turaab — Literally, the ‘father
of dust’. A title of Hazrat 'Ali. == {98,11}
Bulbul
(Nightingale)/ bulbul
— The sweet singer of the garden,
and the archetypal lover of the rose. == {33,3};
{58,8}; {77,3};
{80,1}; {111,9};
[{126,5}]; [{145,2}];
{187,2}, ((andaliib
; {199,3}; [{202,5}]; {210,4};
{217,7x}; {228,5}, ((andaliib
; {228,8}, ((andaliib
; {230,5}; {231,5}.
The only other garden bird who appears is the turtledove [qumrii],
in {152,2} and {230,5}.
Dagh / daa;G — Navab Mirza Khan ‘Dagh’ (1831-1905), a famous ghazal poet. ==
{30,1}; {87,3};
{96,2}; {101,5};
{111,10}; {189,10};
{191,7}; {197,2};
{208,11}; {219,2}
Darab / daaraab — One of the legendary kings in the Shah-namah.
== {120,12}
Darban
(Doorkeeper) / darbaa;N
— The lover has one too, but of course the only one who really
counts is the beloved’s. See also Pasban. ==
{10,7}; {31,3}; {111,12};
{151,2}; [{202,7}];
{233,15}
Dard, Mir / miir
dard — Khvajah Mir ‘Dard’ (1720-85), a famous Sufi and
ghazal poet. == {38,6}; {60,8};
{95,2}; {98,3}: {103,2x}
Darvesh
/ darvesh — A
wandering religious mendicant who is expected to live on the alms
given by the pious; see also Faqir. == {24,3};
{162,9}
Delhi
/ dillii — [only
one ref?] == {19,7}
Dijlah
(Tigris) / dijlah —
The Tigris River, in Iraq. == {22,8}
Divali
/ divaalii — The Hindu festival of lights; Ghalib mentions it in an unpublished verse == Raza 154, verse 4.
Faqir / faqiir — A wandering Muslim ascetic, who ideally lives on alms from
the pious and generous; see also Darvesh. ==
{96,6}; {139,1};
{160,1}
Farhad / farhaad — In Persian story tradition, a stone-mason who fell in love
with the princess Shirin, wife of Khusrau.
He’s also known as Kohkan. The gist of his story is told in {1,2}. == {1,2}; {36,8}; {101,2}; {174,7}
Faridun / fariiduun — One of the legendary kings in the Shah-namah.
== {120,12}
Farishtah
(Angel) / farishtah —
One of God’s invisible winged servants; they often assist
him in monitoring the doings of humankind. See also Ruh ul-Qudus. == {36,10}; {38,6}; {98,2}
Firdausi
/ firdausii — The author of the Shah-namah
[shaah-naamah], the Persian national epic. Ghalib
speaks of Firdausi (c.934-1020) as the greatest of poets. == {139,1};
{219,6}
Ghair
(Other) / ;Gair — The
Other Man, the (true) lover’s (false) competitor for the favors of
the beloved. See also Raqib. == {10,10}; {13,3}; {15,9}; {28,2}; {36,7}; {41,5}; {42,1}; {43,2}; {53,4}; {53,6};
{77,7}; {83,1},
said of a foreign country; {86,1};
{87,6}; {89,2};
{98,5}; {103,1};
{112,6}; {115,2};
{115,6}, aur
; {116,4}; {116,6};
{119,3}; {119,8};
{124,1}; {126,10};
{145,14x}; {148,4}; {151,7};
{153,3}; {153,7};
{180,1}; {189,6};
{191,4}; {198,2}
Ghalib
/ mirzaa
asadull;aa;h ;xaan ;Gaalib (1797-1869) —
the poet as commentator == {1,1}, {6,1}, {6,2}; {28,1}; {34,2}; {57,7}*,
quoted by Hali; [{75,3}]; {97,5};
{99,10}; {110,1}; {111,1};
{112,3}; {115,6};
{119,7}; {155,1}; {155,2};
{155,3}*; {159,4};
{160,1}; {167,3};
{169,1} (2 comments); {183,5};
{191,7}*; {193,1};
{209,4}; {216,1};
{230,5}, quoted by Hali. In
other cases, the poet quotes verses in his letters == {26,1};
{38,5}; {41,1};
{46,1}; {46,2} (2 instances); {46,6} (7 instances); {62}
(2 instances of most of ghazal); {70,3}
(2 instances); {85,8} (2 instances);
{95,1}; {111,1-2};
{115,1}; {124,1};
{126}; {126,1
& 8}; {127,3}; {135,1};
[{139}] (?); {142,2};
{150,1}; {151,1};
{154,1}; {157,4};
{160,2}; {160,6};
(2 instances); {161}: 2 instances,
various verses; {162,3}; {163};
{177,2}; {177,13};
{178,1} (2 instances); [{180,6}];
{180,7} (2 instances, with
one word changed); {189,8}
(3 instances); {191,1}; {191}
(2 instances); {201}; {205,8}
(echoed in a Persian letter); {208};
{208,12}; {209,1}
(2 instances); {216,1}, 2
instances, various verses; {219,1};
{228,10}, 2 instances; {229,7};
{231,3} and two more verses
Gul-chin
(Flower-picker) / gul-chiin
— He is another version of the Hunter,
and a danger to all the inhabitants of the garden. == {101,7};
{145,15x}; {175,2}; {199,1}
Hamzah
/ ;hamzah — The
hero of the Persian/Urdu romance called qi.s.sah-e
;hamzah or daastaan-e amiir ;hamzah. I
have written a book
about this romance. == {22,7}. A major feature of Hamzah’s world is the :tilism
== {3,9x}; {29,3};
{157,7}; {173,11};
{203,2}
Hindi
/ hindii — The
word literally means ‘pertaining to Hind’, or ‘Indian’. It was sometimes
used by Ghalib and his contemporaries as another name for their own
language, which they also called ‘Urdu’ or ‘Rekhtah’. == {88,3};
{148,10}; {150,1};
{178,1} {189,2};
{189,2}; {161,1};
{194,5}; {228,4};
{228,10}
Hindustan
/ hinduustaan — The name referred most centrally to the Mughal heartland of the Punjab, the Delhi region, and the Gangetic plain; sometimes it included Bengal and the Deccan, and sometimes it didn’t. == {129,4x}; {138,6}; {150,1}
Huma
/ humaa — The
king-maker bird of Persian story tradition: anyone upon whom his shadow
falls is destined to wield royal power. == {49,3}; {79,6x}; {84,6x}; {220,3x}
Hur (Houri)
/ ;huur — A celestial
damsel of the kind that will be available to (male) believers in Paradise.
See Quran 44:54 and 52:20. == {100,6};
{111,7}; [{139,1}];
{159,1}; {231,2}
'Id / ((iid
— The great Muslim festival that occurs at the end of the
daytime-fasting month of Ramzan, and is inaugurated by the sight of
the crescent moon. == {107,5}
Insha
/ inshaa — Insha'allah
Khan ‘Insha’ (1756-1817) was a lexicographer, occasional prose writer,
and ghazal poet. == {190,10};
{191,5}
Iqbal / mu;hammad
iqbaal — Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) , admiringly
known as Allama [the learned] Iqbal, was not only one of the founders
of Pakistan and a Persian poet of note, but also the greatest Urdu
poet of the twentieth century. == {16,8x};
{24,6}
Isa (Jesus) / ((iis;aa
— In Islamic tradition, one of Jesus’s chief miracles is his
ability to breathe on the dying and restore them to life (for the
basis of this idea see Quran 5:113). == {9,7};
{215,1} [ibn-e maryam];
{222,1}
Jallad
(Executioner) / jallaad
— He usually acts at the direct and even enthusiastic command
of the beloved. == {62,7}; {163,5};
{176,1}
Jami
/ jaamii — A
famous Persian poet (1414-92), author of an extremely influential masnavi about the love of Yusuf and Zulaikha. == {111,5};
{145,9x}; {194,5}
Jamshid
/ jamshiid — A
famous Persian king in the Shah-namah
who owned a magic world-revealing Cup, the jaam-e
jam or jaam-e jamshiid . == {33,2}; {95,2};
{100,8}; {120,12};
{174,3}; {219,6}
Jur'at / jur))aat — Shaikh Qalandar Bakhsh ‘Jur'at’ (1748-1809) was an Urdu
poet in ghazal and other genres. == {126,3}
Ka'bah / ka((bah — The holiest religious site for Muslims; it has the form
of a squarish black building, and is located in Mecca; on its origin
see Qur'an 2:125-27. The Ka'bah also marks the Qiblah,
or direction of prayer, for Muslims (Qur'an 2:142-50). == {22,2}; {86,5};
{108,12x}; {115,2}, ;haram
; {118,1}; {120,8};
{123,10}, ;haram
; {141,5}; {161,10};
{163,7}; {208,9};
{231,6}; {232,6},
;haram
Kausar / kau;sar — The name of a fountain and river in Paradise, from which
all other rivers are believed to flow; see Qur'an 108:1. == {98,1};
{216,1}
Khizr / .xi.zr — Khvajah Khizr is an important figure in Islamic folk tradition.
More information about him is given in {68,1}.
== {12,7x}; {68,1};
{151,4}; {159,6};
[{174,9}]; {215,9};
{234,3}
Khizr Sultan / ;xi.zr
sul:taan — This young prince (1831-57), a son of Bahadur
Shah Zafar, was also a shagird
of Ghalib’s — {174,9}
Khuda (Lord) / ;xudaa
— A reference to God, of a slightly less formal kind than
‘Allah’ would provide. See also Rab.
== {7,7}, ;haq
; {79,2}; {83,1};
{83,2}; {86,8};
{88,4}; {106,2};
{107,6}; {112,5};
{112,7}; {112,9};
{115,8}; {120,2};
{120,4}; {124,6};
{132,7}; {141,3};
{141,4}; {150,1};
{162,4}; {176,4};
{199,4}; {205,2};
{215,5}; {228,2};
{229,3}; {230,11};
{234,10}
Khusrau / ;xusrau
— Khusrau Parvez was the husband of Farhad’s
beloved Shirin. He is identified with the historical
Khusrau II (r.590-628), the last king in the Sasanian dynasty. ==
{101,2}; {120,12},
kai;xusrau ; {121,8}
Kohkan
/ kohkan — ‘Mountain-digger’,
an epithet for Farhad. == {1,2}; {3,6}; {42,6}; {121,2};
{204,2}; {204,3}
Laila / lail;aa
— The beloved of Majnun. == {18,3}; {42,2}; {95,1};
{104,1}; {139,1}; {145,8x}; {147,7x}; {166,2}; {175,4};
{208,10}; {214,2}; {223,5x}
Lucknow / lakhna))uu
— For information on Ghalib’s visit to the city in 1827, see
Russell and Islam, pp. 46-47. == {123,9}
Majnun
/ majnuun — In
Arabic story tradition, the classic mad — literally, ‘jinn-possessed’ —
lover of Laila. His real name was Qais. == {6,1}; {6,10x};
{18,3}; {23,1}; {35,10}; {42,2}; {44,4x};
{61,3}; {139,1};
{140,6}; {145,8x}; {147,3}; {147,7x};
{159,5}; {166,2};
{208,10}; {214,2};
{223,5x}; {228,7}
Malak
ul-Maut (Angel of Death) / malak
ul-maut — The one among the Angels
whom God sends to claim human souls when the appointed death-hour
has arrived. == {66,7}
Mani
/ maanii — A
famous Central Asian miniature painter. == {184,1}
Mansur
/ man.suur — The
famous Sufi of 10th-century Baghdad who was executed for the heresy
of repeatedly and publicly proclaiming an al-;haq,
‘I am God/Truth’. == {21,8}; {100,4}; {128,1};
{204,2}
Masiha
(Messiah) / ma.sii;haa
— A name for Jesus/Isa;
more generally, any rescuer or healer. == {55,1};
{95,1}; {208,2}
Mir / mu;hammad
taqii miir — Muhammad Taqi ‘Mir’ (1722-1810) was
Ghalib’s great predecessor, and only real rival, as an Urdu ghazal
poet; see "A Garden of Kashmir" == {1,1}; {4,8x};
{6,4}; {19,1}; {31,1}; {36,8}; {36,11}*; {56,1};
{58,8}; {75,3};
{78,7}; {81,3}; {86,2};
{86,7}; {92,7}*;
{92,8x}*; {111,1};
{111,1}; {111,10};
{137,2}; {154,4};
{161,7}; {197,2};
{204,9}; {208,9};
{206,2}; {213,2};
{217,2}; {227,1};
{228,9}; {232,6}; {234,8}
== Also: here’s an index of references to Ghalib that occur within "A Garden of Kashmir"; each of them is mutually hyperlinked back and forth with the appropriate Ghalib verse in "A Desertful of Roses."
Mirza Yusuf / mirzaa
yuusuf — Ghalib’s younger (and only) brother
(born 1799/1800), who went mad in 1826 and remained so until his death
from a fever in 1857. == {202,9}
Momin / momin
— Hakim Momin Khan ‘Momin’(1800-52) was Ghalib’s
contemporary and a well-known Delhi ghazal poet. == {1,1};
{5,1}; {56,1};
{78,3}; {86,9}; {87,10};
{89,1}; {99,3};
{119,3}; {125,1};
{126,7}; {153,6};
{159,2}; {177,1};
{177,6}; {199,1};
{204,9}; {208,8}
Murgh (Bird)/ mur;G
— The lover may be imagined as a Bird who is
trapped or snared, and thus deprived of access to his beloved garden.
== {101,7}; {112,7}
Musa (Moses) / muus;aa — Hazrat Musa, the Islamic counterpart of Moses, experienced
on Mount Tur the unbearable glory of God’s presence
(Quran 7:143). == {36,5}; {53,2}
Najaf / najaf
— The Iraqi city, sacred to Shi'a Muslims, where
Hazrat 'Ali is buried. == {123,10}
Nakhshab,
Moon of / mah-e na;xshab — A proverbial magic feat, in the form of an artificial moon that
rose and set; see verse commentary for further information. == {38,2}
Nakiren (Recording Angels) / nakiire;N
— The two angels, Munkar [munkar]
and Nakir [naakir], who visit a dead Muslim
in the grave, sit on his shoulders, and interrogate him about his
good and bad deeds. == {163,4}
Namah-bar
(Messenger) / naamah-bar
— He carries letters and messages, usually (but not always)
from the lover to the beloved. See also Qasid.
== {14,9}; {46,4}; {106,1};
{159,4}; {160,4};
{176,4}; {201,1}
Namrud
(Nimrod) / namruud
— [get info] == {26,6}
Nasih
(Advisor) / naa.si;h
— The Advisor is always right in a prudential, worldly sense,
and is always trying to straighten the lover out; but naturally the
lover never listens to a word he says.== {4,7}; {19,3}; {19,5}; {20,5}; {60,8};
{61,8}; {109,6x}
Nasikh
/ naasi;x
— Shaikh Imam Bakhsh ‘Nasikh’ (1776-1838) was a well-known
ghazal poet, and a friend and correspondent of Ghalib’s. == {92,7};
{98,11}; {111,1};
{111,9}; {112,9};
{163,4}; {167,9}
Nayyar
/ nayyar— Arif’s friend, Navab Ziya ud-Din Ahmad
Khan ‘Nayyar’ (1821-85), a ghazal poet who also used the pen-name ‘Rakhshan’ [ra;xshaa;N]. == {66,8}
Pari / parii — In Persian story tradition, members of the Pari race (the word
is a cognate of ‘fairy’) are born of fire, can fly, and are exceptionally
beautiful. They are female; males are called pariizaad.
Paris tend to fall in love with mortal men, but since children of
Adam (aadmii) are made from dust, these affairs
are always problematical. == {14,4}; {43,1}; {153,8};
{162,5}; {223,2}; {227,4x}
Parizad (Pari-born) / pariizaad — In Persian story tradition, these are males of the Pari race; though the term seems sometimes to apply to female Paris too.
== {95,1}; {111,7}
Parvanah
(Moth) / parvaanah — The Moth is an archetype of the lover (and mystic), as he helplessly
circles the candle and finally, embracing his doom, flies directly
into the flame. == {40,6x}; {45,5}; {64,7x};
{75,4}; {81,3};
{81,10x}; {166,3}; {188,3x}
Pasban
(Gatekeeper) / paasbaa;N — Who else could guard the beloved’s house so zealously? See also Darban. == {43,4}; {127,2};
{234,7}
Persian
— About a (mostly) macaronic Persian-Urdu ghazal: {37,2}.
Personifications — Some especially conspicuous examples of abstract (semi-)personifications,
often addressed with the vocative ay : ‘Desert’
in {3,1}; ‘Opening’ in (8,2}; ‘Kindness’ in {15,2}; ‘Self-adornment’ in {15,3}; ‘Weeping’ in {17,2} and {87,2};
‘Ardor’ in {27,1}; ‘Suspiciousness’ in {34,4}; ‘Satisfaction’ and ‘Arrangement’ in {54,3};
‘Sky’ in {66,5}; ‘Relish of Enchainedness’
in {72,1}; ‘Incompleteness of the
Fire-shedding Breath’ in {76,2}; ‘the
Card-player of Thought’ in {81,2};
‘Tyranny-invention’ in {101,1}; ‘Longing-stride’
in {137,1}; ‘Crowd/rush of Hopelessness’
in {157,4}; ‘Laggingness’ in {157,5};
‘Pleasure of Freedom’ in {158,2}; ‘Existence’ in {212,5x}. On Ghalib’s special penchant for pluralized abstractions see {1,2}.
Prophet — There is one clear reference to the Prophet Muhammad, though
he is not named. == {14,10}
Qais / qais
— The real name of Majnun. == {3,1}; {6,1};
{95,1}; {104,1}; {175,4};
{204,2}
Qasid
(Messenger) / qaa.sid — The messenger who goes back and forth between lover and beloved.
See also Namah-bar. == {40,2}; {97,4};
{152,7}; {159,4};
{205,3}
Qiblah
/ qiblah — The direction of prayer (toward the Ka'bah in Mecca); or the niche [mi;hraab] in a mosque
that points toward it. == {86,5};
{131,1}; {131,8};
{164,3}
Qur'an
/ quraan — Ghalib
occasionally quotes passages. == {91,6}
Rab (Lord) / rab
— A reference to God, of a slightly less formal kind than
‘Allah’ would provide. See also Khuda.
== {4,8x}; {6,2}; {6,10x}; {14,1}; {39,2}; {43,2}; {44,5x};
{46,4}; {62,2};
{68,1}; {110,3};
{111,10}; {124,7}; {129,5x};
{136,2}; {149,9x}; {153,3};
{166,5}; {168,3};
{173,6}; {179,3};
{186,1}; {192,3};
{203,1}; {203,3}; {217,7x}; {229,8x};
{230,10}
Raqib
(Rival) / raqiib — The
(true) lover’s (false) competitor for the affections of the beloved.
See also Ghair. == {6,1},
as ‘enemy’; {26,2}; {26,4}; {43,1}; {56,4}; {65,1};
{76,1}; {80,4}, ;hariif; {80,5};
{97,7}; {99,3};
{111,5}; {115,6};
{124,2}; {184,1};
{201,1}; {216,2};
{233,7}, heart vs. eye
Rekhtah
/ re;xtah — Ghalib referred to his language variously as ‘Rekhtah’, ‘Urdu’, and
‘Hindi’. The rigid division into ‘Urdu’ and ‘Hindi’ is basically a late-nineteenth-century
innovation. == {36,5}; {36,11}*; {51,4};
{92,7}; {111,1};
{111,2}; {116,10};
{119,7}; {155,3}; {163,1};
{201,1}; {208,1}
Rizvan / ri.zvaa;N — The keeper of a special garden (also called Rizvan) in paradise.
== {10,1}; {31,3}; {35,9}
Ruh ul-Qudus / ruu;h ul-quduus — The ‘Pure Soul’, a title of the Farishtah (Angel) Gabriel.
== {91,11}
Saiyad (Hunter)/ .saiyaad
— The beloved can appear as a Hunter. == {68,7x}; {71,4};
{101,7}; {145,11x}; {232,3}.
Often reference is made to her pursuit of the lover as her ‘prey’
[.said] == {15,14},
{36,3}; {45,2};
{72,1}
Samandar
(Salamander) / samandar — For information about this fire-dwelling creature, see the commentary
on {38,7}. == {38,7}; {56,6}
Saqi (Cupbearer) / saaqii
— The beautiful, temperamental, coquettish youth who serves
the drinkers in the wine-house. == {12,2};
{18,1}; {21,6}; {30,1}; {47,2}; {57,7}; {87,9};
{97,5}; {132,6};
{159,3}; {169,5};
{169,8}; {169,10};
{175,3}; {193,4};
{216,1}; {221,1};
{226,4}; {232,2}
Sauda / saudaa — Mirza Muhammad Rafi ‘Sauda’ (1706?-81) was famous for his work in
a number of Urdu literary genres, including the ghazal. == {4,8x};
{56,1}; {92,7};
{111,1};
{154,4}; {202,6};
{231,5}
shagird
(pupil) / shagird — The shagird or pupil is defined by his relationship to an Ustad,
a master who has agreed to accept him, correct his verses, and generally
instruct him in the art of Urdu poetry, especially the ghazal. ==
{35,8}; {66,8}; {150,1}
Shah
(King) / shaah
— In most cases the dates make it clear that the reference
is at least probably to Bahadur Shah ‘Zafar’ (1775-1862; r.1837-57);
for some verses the current ruler was his predecessor, Akbar Shah
II (r.1806-37). == {14,1}, shaahinshaah ; {110,8}; {120,12};
{121,8}, ;xusrav ; {124,7}, baadshaah ; {125,10}, ;hu.zuur ; {138,6}, farmaa;N-ravaa-e
kishvar-e hinduustaan ; {174,9};
{177,8}; {177,9}, shahinshaah ; {178,10};
{180,6}; {181,7};
{218,1}, shahryaar ; {218,2}, baadshaah
Shaikh
/ shai;x — The
Shaikh is a general emblem of complacent piety. He disdains the lover
for ignoring the letter of the law, and the lover disdains him for
ignoring its spirit. == {38,6}; {60,8};
{108,12x}; {204,7}
Sheftah
/ navaab mu.s:taf;aa ;xaan
sheftah — Navab Mustafa Khan Sheftah (1806-69), poet
and tazkirah writer, was an excellent friend and frequent correspondent
of Ghalib's. == {86,9}; {97,13}
Shirin
/ shiiriin — In Persian story tradition, the wife of Khusrau who was the beloved of Farhad.== {42,6}; {121,8}; {174,7}
Sikandar
(Alexander) / sikandar
— Alexander the Great, the world-conqueror, was misled by Khizr and deprived of the Water of Life. == {215,9}
Sulaiman
(Solomon) / sulaimaan
— An ideal type of the divinely guided king; see for example
Qur'an 27:15-44, 38:30-40. == {95,1};
{120,12}; {208,2}
Tajammul
Husain Khan / tajaamul ;husain
;xaan — The Navab of Farrukhabad, a potential patron
for Ghalib. == {234,9}
Talib
Amuli / :taalib aamulii
— A Persian poet (d.1626) who was the poet laureate of Jahangir.
== {216,1}
Tur / :tuur — the mountain on which Hazrat Musa experienced
the presence of the Lord. (Quran 7:143; 28:29-30) == {40,4x};
{53,2}; {60,11};
{231,7}
Ustad
/ ustaad — The
Ustad is a recognized master of the art of poetry; he may or may not
choose to accept and train shagirds == {11,3x}*;
{15,15}; {34,2}; {36,11}*; {38,6}; {59,1};
{167,6}
Vahshat
/ ;Gulaam ((alii ;xaan va;hshat
— Ghulam 'Ali Khan ‘Vahshat' was a friend and shagird of Ghalib's. == {86,9}
Va'iz
(Preacher) / vaa((i:z
— As the voice of orthodoxy, the Preacher is even more irritating
to the lover than the Shaikh, and for his part naturally considers
the lover a hopeless reprobate. == {60,8};
{92,6}; {163,5};
{219,9}; {229,7};
{231,3}
Yaqub
(Jacob) / ya((quub
— The father of Hazrat Yusuf;
he wept for his lost son until he ruined his eyes. == {61,2};
{111,1}; {111,4};
[{204,4}]
Yusuf
(Joseph) / yuusuf
— Hazrat Yusuf, the Islamic counterpart of the Biblical Joseph,
was one of the Prophets; his story is told at length in the Quran,
Sura 12. See also Yaqub and Zulaikha.
== {10,9}; {36,6}; {61,2}; {111,4};
{111,5}; {202,9} (also about Ghalib's brother Mirza Yusuf);
{204,4}
Zafar
/ bahaadur shaah :zafar
— The last nominal Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah ‘Zafar’ (1775-1862;
r. 1837-57) was a ghazal poet himself; he was a willing patron of Zauq, and after Zauq’s death a grudging patron
of Ghalib. == {49,5}**; {90,5};
{111,1}; {163,1};
{163,2}; {163,9};
{164,14}; {231,9}
Zafar
Iqbal / :zafar iqbaal
— Zafar Iqbal (1933-) is a modern Pakistani ghazal poet. ==
{86,7}
Zahid
(Ascetic) / zaahid — The Ascetic is a renunciant, always preaching the joys of the
life to come and deprecating the pleasures of this world; he considers
the lover self-indulgent, and the lover considers him shallow. ==
{10,1}; {85,2};
{109,5x}; {133,3}; {186,6x}; {196,6};
{203,1}
zamzam / zamzam — The name of a special sacred well in Mecca, near the Ka'bah. == {180,4}; {232,6}
Zauq / ;zauq
— Shaikh Muhammad Ibrahim ‘Zauq’ (1788-1854) was a contemporary
and rival of Ghalib’s; Zauq preceded Ghalib in the prestigious post
of royal Ustad, and Bahadur Shah always liked
Zauq better. == {7,7};
{15,11}; {19,1};
{22,3}; {34,7}; {38,6}; {46,6};
{77,8}; {78,6};
{91,8}; {97,3};
{151,4}; {178,10}; {202,6};
{231,5}
Zuhuri / :zuhuurii
— A famously complex Persian poet (d.1615), cherished in India
and ignored at home, who became the poet laureate of Sultan Ibrahim
'Adil Shah of Bijapur. == {92,7};
{100,9}
Zulaikha
/ zulai;xaa — When Yusuf was a slave in Egypt, Zulaikha was his
owner’s wife; because of her slave’s great beauty, she fell in love
with him. The whole story is told in the Quran, 12:23-32. == {111,5};
{145,9x}; {145,14x}; {194,5}; {204,5}
